For the immune system to effectively target cancer cells, introduced mutations need to be shared across 95-99% of the cancer cell population.

“the immunologic piece um that's I requires um another layer of complexity which is that basically you you would need to introduce the mutations um and and ones that are shared across you know the the whole population of cancer cells or if if not the whole then then nearly the whole so the immune system actually interestingly is able to elaborate um immune responses that become broader right so this is you know sort of epitope spreading as it's called where the immune system latches onto a a certain antigen in mounting an initial immune response but then actually can bring in reinforcements that are recognizing um other antigens and create a more sort of polyclonal response what was initially a monoclonal response”