Gene therapies approved to date typically involve adding genes, often without CRISPR, to address genetic diseases or declining gene expression with age.

“So most gene therapies that have been approved are adding genes, and this is done typically without CRISPR. And, you know, when you have a genetic disease, you're missing a gene, so you don't really want to edit necessarily. You want to add it back in. As you grow older, a lot of your gene products...your gene expression is dropping down. One way to deal with that would boost it back up, and we've explored these sorts of things.”