Achieving and sustaining a glucose ketone index of one for 24 hours is believed to induce and potentially maximize autophagy.

“the fastest way to get to a glucose ketone index of and maintain that of one to two would be what I would call supplemented ketogenic intermittent fasting right so when you eat within a restricted time window say of like six hours a day you start eating at you know 2 p.m. and finish at a p.m. seems relatively easy to do and within that fasting window if needed you could consume calories in the form of perhaps exogenous ketones”

“I fasted for a week so I have all that data for that two that I need to compile and now should we be looking at that we meaning people as a potential way to replicate fast under a more stressful state looking at what just underwater he do you think it was a combination of temperature and pressure primarily that was driving that effect so over the holidays we went to Thailand and we did I did a lot of nitrox dives something like thirty nitrox dives and I made these measurements too and I did see trends decrease glucose and nitrox dyes were doing like an hour maybe hour hour-and-a-half diets at the most and I saw trans but nothing like the trends I saw in the saturation environment when we did these long EPA's so do you think that the temperature was that pretty sure the temperature really has to have a difference because you come out and you're kind of shaky you know even though you feel very comfy when you're down there the first two or three hours and then by the end the last you know four or five six hours for a longer evie a you start like shaking a little bit uncontrollably you know but it's kind of subtle even though the water is kind of warm like it feels warm but it's just you know your body temperature is going down and they were on the days maybe I wasn't getting as much calories as I as I needed I came out of that mission lighter than I've ever been before I came out when we got back to mainland and I stepped on the scale I was 207 which is super low for me I ended up losing about maybe I went in kind of late because I was training for it I'm not a very good swimmer like you I had the really train to meet like you it would be like a total day in the park for you to to meet all the criteria for that but I had to train really hard to meet the swim requirements so I ended up losing a little bit of weight but when I came out I would definitely rejuvenation I lost nine pounds and it came out seven so I went in 216 so I went in pretty late I'm like 2 21 now so last year I entered the mission at 216 and I came out like 207 which was like I thought the scale was wrong so even though I ate a lot of calories during that mission metabolic yeah my metabolic rate was really high you know and that that was a consequence of that is so interesting because it's those are two completely contradictory concepts to me on the one hand you're saying hey my glucose levels went down my ketone levels went up it looked like I had fasted for a week yep but of course if you fasted for a week your metabolic rate would be going down and not up in fact you would expect to see at ah Fiji skyrocket whereas I'm sitting here as I'm listening to you thinking would at hoffa G have increased during that period of time or decreased I think anything that pushes glucose lo and Ketones that hi and I think not really without knowing it we're pretty task loaded so you don't have all the time you know that much time to eat I mean part of the mission is that they're training this is part of its the only NASA analog where astronauts are actually part of the crew members like other things like hi-seas mission or NASA hero mission actually uses everyday folks and they push them to the limits and see how they they can break them but the NASA Nemo mission is actually training sort of astronauts so they task load you to see what you're doing and you don't have a whole lot of time to eat but I was I was consuming what my normal calories would be but I was under I underestimated my calories for this and I think it put me in a calorie deficit which probably decreased my testosterone may have a cortisol level increase but it was still within the normal range and you're away from the light so your circadian is probably a bit screwed up to being whatever so you have you're only it's like sixty feet so you do see some of the light come down and but uh but it's probably a little bit different than I'm a very light sort of Sun worshiper like I always try to get some light in the middle you know in the beginning of the day and that that's part of something that I always do so it was a bit disruptive in that sense so let's talk about key tone esters salts etc so to your knowledge what's the first exogenous ketone that was ever manufactured is that vitaly one or exogenous ketone manufactured so one three butanediol has been around a long time since the 1950s actually MIT did some research as a space fuel so they kept there was a publication in 1975 where they were trying to identify an alternative energy fuel for long-duration spaceflight and the best candidate was one three butanediol which is sort of a synthetic compound that breaks down completely to beta-hydroxybutyrate meaning the liver is not required to transform it into bhp the liver is required yeah through a couple simple steps so sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate would be the first sort of ketone exotica ketone that was clinically and there was a number of papers that utilized that for rare metabolic disorders actually so that would be the first one and a lot of the IP and you know sort of patents that came out or sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate and then maybe explain for people what the difference is between a salt and an ester so we'll leave acetoacetate out of that for a moment yeah but if you talk about beta-hydroxybutyrate but you can have a COS state salt too so I can mention that so I didn't know that I thought it was only a digester so that's what we want to hear about that so on the b HB front people are sort of inundated with ketone salts ketone”

“Although I haven't measured LC3 and other components of the autophagosome, it's my belief that achieving and sustaining a glucose ketone index of one for 24 hours will induce and perhaps maximize autophagy.”

“Fasting for 72 hours gets my glucose ketone index to one where my glucose comes down to about 3 millimolar and my ketones come up to 3 millimolar.”