Populations worldwide consume large amounts of carbohydrates without developing insulin resistance, suggesting that carbohydrate intake alone is not the sole cause.

“There are many examples of free living humans that make the majority of their calories carbohydrates- no free living population of humans (=not eating ultra-processed foods) shows evidence of insulin resistance. For instance, consider the Hadza of Tanzania for whom honey is the most desired food, and which accounts for 10-20% of their diet in the rainy season (in addition to sugar from fruit, which they relish) - exceptional metabolic health and I have spent time with them. (PMID 19350623, 27723159) Or consider the Tukisenta of New Guinea, who eat a diet of 90% carbohydrates and remain lean, fit, and metabolically healthy (PMID: 4718949) And the Mbuti hunter gatherers of the Congo who also treasure honey and eat it as the MAJORITY of their calories in the rainy season but remain metabolically healthy year round. (PMID: 24746602, 5009122)”