Advanced PSA tests like the 4K score or Prostate Health Index use mathematical equations to predict the probability of aggressive cancers.

“you can also measure other byproducts um other other types of free PSA or other sibling molecules to PSA PSA is called hk3 or human caline 3 you can measure for example how much of human caline 2 is in the blood and these are part of it more advanced PSA tests like the 4K score or for example the prostate health index these are both mathematical equations that predict probability of aggressive cancers but they're built off of looking at not just the PSA itself but the PSA and how much other types of processed PSA exist as well”