Blocking epinephrine's ability to bind to its receptors prevents conditioned place aversion in animals, suggesting memory formation is impaired.

“if researchers do the exact same experiment and they have done the exact same experiment but they introduce a pharmacological blocker of epinephrine so that epinephrine is released in response to the shock but it cannot actually bind to its receptors and have all of its biological effects. Well, then the animal is perfectly happy to tread back into the area where it received the shock.”