Placing electrodes on the brain cortex surface without penetrating the pial membrane can avoid immune reactions and scarring.

“The other pro challenge is that when you put the electrodes into the brain, it can create a reaction. um those gal cells that we talked about at the very beginning, those support cells, they actually have immune function as well, they detect that there is a foreign body and they'll activate and they'll react to it, create a scar around the electrodes.”

“One of the reasons we've been most interested in using these sensors on the brain cortex is that we've learned over time that if you don't have the electrodes penetrating through the peel surface of the cortex, that's the outermost um very thin membrane that's covering the cortex. If you don't have anything going through that, you can avoid a lot of those immune reactions, avoid a lot of that scarring, preserve the function uh that's underlying.”