Ketones are the cleanest fuel source, followed by fatty acids, with glucose being the dirtiest fuel in terms of byproducts and oxidative stress.

“And if you look at that hierarchy I think ketones are probably the the cleanest fuel to burn in terms of again byproducts oxidative stress they seem to be really unique yeah how would you rank order from cleanest to dirtiest inclusive of lactate. Lactate I would not be able to to put it. I think it's probably clean. Yeah, I think my intuition is it is as well but it would be the top would be uh beta hydroxybutyrate. Beta hydroxybutyrate acettoacetate is is present at such low abundance it's probably not relevant as as a fuel fuel source. Then fatty acid next is the worst is actually glucose.”