Longer studies with more relevant endpoints are needed to observe the effects of NAD+ interventions on internal bodily processes beyond tissues with super high turnover.

“if we're gonna look at things going on inside the body besides those tissues with super high turnover I think we're gonna have to look at longer studies that have more relevant endpoints”

“you know i think we need to first of all map better the basic pharmacology of nad in animals and human i mean that's quite doable and this is something that we as a field are doing and there are a lot of great people doing this and and but we can do more and better then we need to have the technologies to look at this at cellular resolution rather than bulk resolution so this thing we're pushing very hard to develop the ability to take a slice of tissue and say what's the heterogeneity across cells in nad levels i think that'll be very helpful because if we see that that's really scatter shot in aging and homogeneous and young then you have your answer that you know all that we need is for one in ten cells at any time to be really nad depleted and we view that ten percent reduction not as some tiny wiggle down but as one in ten cells being on the road to a catastrophic outcome okay and so um i think this is going to be a really important measurement uh and i think the field will get there over the next you know few years not instantly and then ultimately we need successful clinical experiments right and i think there there have been some really persuasive experiments in animals you know with uh for example i think their experiments on reversing you know bad outcomes after renal ischemia and so it'd be good if we could find niche experiments where there's a very strong effect in animals a very quick clinical readout right you have a ischemic renal event and you do the supplementation and you get a benefit or you don't”