Spike proteins in SARS-CoV-2 and United States vaccines are structurally different due to proline insertions, making in vitro or animal study findings on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein not directly applicable to vaccine spike protein.

“And so when you're talking about a different spike protein, structurally, it's different, right? You can't take a study that's looking at the spike protein that is from the surface of SARS-CoV-2 and say everything that that spike protein is doing applies to the spike protein in the vaccines that are available in the United States because it's different. And so, I think, that's a really, really upfront important thing to understand. And the burden of proof is on, you know, people making the claim that the spike protein from the mRNA vaccines is dangerous because some studies have shown that the spike protein from the SARS-CoV-2 by itself can be dangerous. You have to show that, and it has not been shown.