Oral butyrate supplementation has not shown the same benefits in humans as in animal models, possibly due to absorption before reaching the target gut lining.

“um there have been a ton of preclinical and of course in vitro work showing the benefits the massive benefits of berate across a bunch of different States including metabolism and yet none of them is translated into humans even when we try to do like these enemas right like these clinical trials they've never looked the way they did in the animal stud studies animal models are like blow your mind you know blow you out of the water and and the human TRS really don't show that and I think for this particular pathway that we're talking about here it's a localization problem”