Is fasting worth it? With Georgi Dinkov

PS

Paul Saladino1h 46m · 2023-04-11

Claims Made

238

Claims Supported

164

Support Rate

69%

Support rate

164 of 238 claims supported

164 supported74 partial / not

Claims from this content

210

Well SupportedExcessive lipolysis and broken fat cells, potentially caused by polyunsaturated fatty acid breakdown products like linoleic acid, can lead to insulin resistance.Well SupportedExcessive intake of linoleic acid arises from its concentration and abundance in processed seed oils.Well SupportedMetformin likely works primarily by slowing the conversion of NADH back to NAD+ through inhibiting Complex I of the electron transport chain.Well SupportedA cortisol to DHEA ratio below 1.5 was not observed in cancer patients, suggesting a correlation between high cortisol and cancer.Well Supported

Discussion

Native comments, Twitter mentions, and Reddit threads about this content — surfaced together so the conversation isn't fragmented across platforms.

M

Share your read of this content…

Posting publicly as you · linked to your social profiles

Sort by:

AV

A. Volkovreader

4h

Bookmarking — the dossier-vs-overview split is the right call. Most of the time I want overview; sometimes I want receipts.

NP

N. Park

2d

Would love a "what would change this verdict" RSS feed. Sign me up if it exists.

Heart & Soil supplements are freeze-dried and sourced from grass-fed, regeneratively raised animals in New Zealand.

Well SupportedFamilial partial lipodystrophy caused by LMNA mutations leads to insulin resistance and early coronary heart disease.

Well SupportedMeasuring morning fasted cortisol and DHEA levels can help assess the cortisol to DHEA ratio.

Well SupportedmTOR is a nutrient-responsive kinase that aligns with calorie restriction data for lifespan extension.

Well SupportedExcess free fatty acids in the blood cause peripheral tissues to become insulin resistant, which is the direct cause of diabetes.

Limited ResearchWhile fasting can induce autophagy by consuming sick cells, the long-term effects and potential detriment of continuous fasting on autophagy rates are not well-studied.

Not SupportedChronic elevations of cortisol, which can occur with fasting, are detrimental, especially for older individuals.

Well SupportedHealthy individuals quickly bring down blood sugar spikes after a meal, a process involving cells like muscle cells absorbing glucose, measured by the disposition index.

Well SupportedFasting benefits are primarily due to a reduction in endotoxin released from ruptured gram-negative bacteria.

Well SupportedCortisol to DHEA sulfate ratio is a good measure for assessing long-term DHEA production.

Well SupportedYounger individuals seeking fasting benefits could achieve similar results by lowering LPS or endotoxin through other means, such as reducing resistant starch intake.

Partially SupportedMetformin use may increase lactate production, potentially outstripping removal or increasing glucogenesis.

Well SupportedWalter Kempner's studies in the 1940s showed that a diet of white rice and sugar could cure and reverse diabetes, leading to significant weight loss.

Well SupportedRestricting certain amino acids like methionine or tryptophan in mice leads to increased food intake, no weight gain, and slightly longer lifespan.

Not SupportedStarchy foods like bread, potatoes, pasta, and rice can cause gut inflammation leading to endotoxin and downstream effects.

Not SupportedA cortisol to DHEA ratio higher than 0.5 may indicate that fasting could cause more harm than good.

Well SupportedPatients with aggressive cancers may be advised to ask their oncologist about adding a fasting plus ketogenic diet to their standard of care.

Well SupportedAspirin, by reducing cortisol, inflammation, and lipolysis, has been observed to cure diabetes temporarily in individuals, without causing lactic acidosis like metformin.

Well SupportedIncreased free fatty acids during ketosis or fasting represent a physiological insulin resistance response that can raise cortisol.

Well SupportedThe Randall hypothesis suggests that competition between glucose and fat for burning can lead to diabetes because fat is a preferred fuel.

Partially SupportedDHEA supplementation is being tested for PTSD in males.

Not SupportedPro-inflammatory fats, not carbohydrates, are the primary drivers of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Partially SupportedInterventions aimed at tricking the body, such as fasting for autophagy, likely have diminishing returns on investment.

Partially SupportedReversing obesity can cure diabetes, and limiting dietary fat intake can temporarily resolve diabetes without reversing obesity.

Partially SupportedAnti-catabolic hormones like DHEA and testosterone have numerous metabolic and mental benefits for both males and females, contributing to overall health and longevity.

Not SupportedResistant starch found in green bananas, unripe mangoes, and undercooked oats should be avoided by individuals with gut issues or inflammation.

Well SupportedLimiting certain macronutrients like protein, fat, and carbohydrates can alter animal aging and potentially increase lifespan.

Partially SupportedCortisol may contribute to the growth of certain cancer cells, including triple-negative breast cancer and pancreatic cancer.

Partially SupportedThe ratio of morning cortisol to DHEA-S is an indicator of stress levels and longevity trajectory.

Not SupportedMetformin can cause lactic acidosis in individuals with renal insufficiency or impaired liver function.

Well SupportedSarcopenia, or the loss of muscle mass with age, is a precursor to frailty and is predictive of decline.

Partially SupportedCombining anti-cortisol treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs can enable very old individuals to build muscle at a rate comparable to people in their mid-20s.

Partially SupportedNon-fasted blood work, including lipid panels, may be a viable alternative to fasted blood work, acknowledging that triglyceride levels will reflect non-fasted status.

Well SupportedEccentric weightlifting exercise is more damaging to tissues than concentric exercise and requires more recovery time.

Partially SupportedFasting benefits younger, leaner, and healthier individuals more than older or overweight individuals.

Partially SupportedChronic inflammation and elevated cortisol are associated with aging and can lead to loss of muscle mass and changes in fat distribution.

Partially SupportedCortisol production does not decline with age, while DHEA production does, leading to an increased cortisol to DHEA ratio with age.

Partially SupportedWhen consuming simple starches, they should always be well-cooked and should not contain resistant starch, as the negative effects of feeding gut bacteria outweigh any benefits of resistant starch.

Partially SupportedMetformin, a chemical derived from the French lily, may function as a plant defense chemical not beneficial for humans.

Partially SupportedFoods with medium and high glycemic units are less dangerous in the long run than resistant starches advertised for their low glycemic index.

Partially SupportedPressure-cooked white potatoes can be better tolerated than grains or beans for some individuals.

Partially SupportedThe rise in liver disease in the US since the 1980s may be linked to increasing consumption of polyunsaturated fats.

Not SupportedClaims of living to 150-200 years from longevity interventions are disingenuous and lack accountability.

Not SupportedStimulating autophagy beyond a baseline level, such as through prolonged fasting or between meals, is not recommended due to potential catabolic processes like cancer.

Not SupportedExtreme fasting schedules, such as eating only between midnight and 6 a.m. daily for extended periods, are not recommended.

Partially SupportedCancer cells can consume mitochondria of healthy cells for fuel.

Partially SupportedHumans are biologically designed to chew food, indicating its importance for health.

Well SupportedA sharp and quick spike followed by a decline in blood glucose after eating is a sign of health, whereas not having this response is worse.

Not SupportedBlood glucose spikes are a normal physiological response and not inherently the cause of negative health outcomes like depression or feeling unwell.

Partially SupportedGenerations that consumed diets primarily of animal origin, including beef tallow for frying and butter as a cooking oil, were healthier.

Partially SupportedIncreasing carbohydrate intake can be beneficial for liver health and increase its capacity to process PUFAs.

Partially SupportedConsuming more saturated fat and limiting polyunsaturated fatty acids may lead to an optimal physiological state in humans.

Partially SupportedAcipimox, a derivative of niacinamide, is an approved drug that inhibits lipolysis and can lower triglycerides, free fatty acids, and blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients, even in the presence of obesity.

Well SupportedFive minutes per week of high-intensity interval training can lead to equivalent or better cardiovascular fitness than six hours of moderate-intensity exercise per week.

Partially SupportedAn oversupply of fatty acids in the bloodstream contributes to diabetes.

Partially SupportedFasting may offer benefits primarily through the reduction of endotoxin, especially for individuals with a high endotoxin response.

Partially SupportedThe Simaruni tribe, who consume 80% of their calories from starches cooked for at least an hour, have the lowest known incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Partially SupportedConsuming one pound of candy sugar daily on top of a normal diet restored fertility even in morbidly obese men.

Partially SupportedDHEA supplementation is being tested for PTSD in males and may help rebalance the endocrine framework.

Partially SupportedExcess polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in adipocytes can cause fat cells to break down, leading to excess lipolysis and inflammation.

Partially SupportedSteve Jobs' chronic fasting may have contributed to health issues, potentially including pancreatic cancer, due to chronically elevated cortisol.

Partially SupportedAspirin, through its metabolite salicylic acid, inhibits the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, thereby reducing cortisol synthesis.

Not SupportedExtrapolating positive longevity effects from protein restriction studies in mice to humans is questionable because mice do not develop sarcopenia to the same extent or in the same way as humans.

Partially SupportedLimiting fat supply or increasing relative glucose over fat may therapeutically affect diabetes caused by fat oversupply into the cell.

Partially SupportedAspirin and other NSAIDs have anabolic effects in the elderly because they inhibit the COX pathway.

Partially SupportedA study administering 9-10 grams of aspirin daily for two weeks resulted in complete restoration of insulin sensitivity, blood glucose, and lipid profile in morbidly obese, pre-diabetic individuals.

Not SupportedRefined carbohydrates, not carbohydrates in general, are problematic for insulin resistance.

Partially SupportedFasting may not be ideal for those with limited reserves, and benefits might be achievable by reducing LPS through charcoal or eating more easily digestible carbohydrates.

Not SupportedMetformin carries risks including fatal lactic acidosis, upset stomach, and lack of hunger.

Partially SupportedThe lack of published studies from the metformin longevity foundation suggests that the experiments did not demonstrate the desired effects.

Partially SupportedThe relationship between high LDL and cardiovascular disease is not definitively clear, and studies do not universally support a direct causal link.

Not SupportedFructose from fruit and honey does not cause diabetes or fatty liver disease in humans.

Partially SupportedProstaglandins can destroy the beta cells of the pancreas and cause type 1 diabetes.

Partially SupportedNutrients like glucose and sucrose can trigger cellular house cleaning mechanisms, similar to autophagy.

Partially SupportedProcessed sugars and seed oils are the two biggest dietary contributors to disease in the Western world.

Well SupportedMetformin may protect against dementia, based on a study of 10,000 veterans.

Partially SupportedEasily digestible starches like white rice and potatoes are unlikely to significantly increase endotoxins because they are absorbed before reaching the colon.

Partially SupportedRestricting methionine intake to 2mg per kilogram of body weight per day can cure obesity and type 2 diabetes within weeks.

Partially SupportedA cortisol to DHEA ratio below 1.5 may be associated with cancer growth.

Partially SupportedCancer patients need to consume protein to prevent the tumor from consuming the patient's body.

Partially SupportedHard/Soil 'Mood Memory and Brain' and 'Whole Package' supplements reduced symptoms in a 13-year-old with autism, OCD, and behavioral issues.

Partially SupportedThe liver excretes PUFAs by attaching glucuronic acid or sulfate groups, making them water-soluble for urinary excretion.

Partially SupportedElevated cortisol is a partial cause of diabetes, obesity, and other conditions.

Not SupportedAnimals deficient in essential fatty acids are protected against neurological conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS.

Partially SupportedThe shift to seed oils in processed foods around the late 1950s to early 1960s coincided with a decline in public health.

Partially SupportedLactic acid accumulation in the brain can cause severe damage and is likely responsible for the dementia risk associated with metformin.

Partially SupportedMales with PTSD often have a cortisol to testosterone ratio of 30 or higher, suggesting chronic stress.

Partially SupportedIn diabetic ketoacidosis, high doses of insulin are administered to override insulin resistance at the fatty acid level and inhibit lipolysis.

Partially SupportedThe 'Mood Memory and Brain' and 'Whole Package' supplements from Hard/Soil are recommended for individuals experiencing mental health issues like depression and anxiety.

Partially SupportedThe capacity to eat without gaining fat is a measure of health that tends to decrease with aging.

Partially SupportedFoamy urine may indicate higher than normal PUFAs excreted attached to glucuronic acid and sulfate.

Not SupportedGLP1 inhibitors may increase all-cause mortality in the long run.

Partially SupportedThe brain consumes 40% of daily caloric intake, making mentally stimulating activities a form of exercise.

Partially SupportedUndigested food in the colon may increase gram-negative bacteria, leading to increased LPS and an inflammation cascade.

Partially SupportedIncreased metabolic rate was associated with improved health biomarkers, including significantly reduced inflammatory markers like interleukins 1 and 6.

Partially SupportedReducing glucose availability can be detrimental to humans and animals.

Partially SupportedHospitals administer glucose and electrolytes via IV drips, indicating their fundamental importance.

Partially SupportedDaily requirements for essential amino acids like tryptophan and methionine are very small.

Not SupportedThe public health message to drastically reduce carbon footprint by eating vegan products is not always supported by evidence, as beef can have a lower carbon footprint per unit than rice.

Partially SupportedSynthesized saturated fatty acids from carbohydrates can gradually displace PUFAs in cells.

Partially SupportedAvoiding starchy foods may prevent undigested food from reaching the colon, which can increase gram-negative bacteria and lead to LPS-induced inflammation.

Partially SupportedCooked root vegetables like turnips and carrots provide fiber and possess anti-fungal and antibacterial enzymes.

Partially SupportedExperiencing a blood glucose spike followed by a decline to normal levels is a sign of healthy physiological response.

Partially SupportedProton pump inhibitor drugs can allow bacteria to colonize the small intestine, potentially leading to SIBO.

Partially SupportedA rapid decline in blood glucose after a spike can be a sign of pancreatic issues.

Partially SupportedAnimals depleted of polyunsaturated fatty acids are resilient to various assaults and protected against liver cancer.

Not SupportedPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may make individuals compliant and obedient, facilitating weight gain on low-calorie diets.

Partially SupportedThe rice diet, low in fat and high in carbohydrates, may cure diabetes by accelerating the removal of polyunsaturated fatty acids from cell membranes.

Partially SupportedFasting may not be necessary to induce autophagy, as sugars like sucrose, fructose, and maltose have been shown to increase autophagy levels in animals.

Partially SupportedAn overnight fast of 8-10 hours may be sufficient for autophagy, and 16-hour or longer daily fasts might not be necessary.

Partially SupportedThe primary benefit of fasting observed in studies is often due to the reduction of endotoxin.

Partially SupportedLean muscle cuts like filet mignon were historically fed to dogs by aristocrats.

Not SupportedLong-term studies on metformin have not demonstrated expected benefits in reducing risks of cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease.

Partially SupportedIn animal studies, type 2 diabetes is reliably induced by feeding high-fat diets, specifically those high in inflammatory fats, leading to insulin resistance within weeks and diabetes within months.

Partially SupportedBalancing methionine intake with glycine may mitigate negative effects of methionine, or a sweet spot for protein intake may support longevity and lean muscle mass.

Partially SupportedCurrent biomarkers, particularly fasting blood sugar, may be misleading for diabetes.

Partially SupportedFeeding animals a high-sugar diet does not reliably induce diabetes.

Partially SupportedHyperlipidemia, not high sugar intake, is a reliable cause of type 2 diabetes.

Partially SupportedCharcoal may help with gut issues or inflammation by reducing LPS (lipopolysaccharide) coming out of the colon.

Partially SupportedAnimals with very low levels of linoleic acid were more resilient to insults.

Partially SupportedGrains are often high in arginine, a precursor to nitric oxide, and should not be overconsumed.

Partially SupportedLimiting polyunsaturated fat intake below 1% of total calories in animals prevents cancer development.

Partially SupportedBCAAs are likely beneficial and more readily available from animal foods than vegan foods.

Partially SupportedMany longevity experts appear to have low lean muscle mass and a 'pot belly,' which contradicts the understanding that lean muscle mass is critical for healthspan.

Partially SupportedSome individuals can achieve autophagy and endotoxin effects associated with fasting without being in a fasted state.

Partially SupportedOverabundance of fatty acids in the blood contributes to inflammation via prostaglandin and leukotriene pathways, potentially causing diabetes.

Partially SupportedMifepristone (RU486) can lower blood glucose, resolve obesity, and reverse type 2 diabetes.

Partially SupportedConsuming 20 grams of collagen daily can halt osteoporosis in women and significantly decrease biomarkers of muscle breakdown.

Partially SupportedGelatin consumption of 12-15 grams daily restored the anabolic effect of protein in older adults, potentially by lowering inflammation and reducing biomarkers associated with muscle breakdown.

Partially SupportedGelatin powder is preferable to hydrolyzed collagen powder for obtaining collagen.

Partially SupportedMaking a drastic effort in exercise or diet yields logarithmically diminishing returns.

Partially SupportedFasting may not be beneficial if cortisol to DHEA ratio is already high, as it could further elevate cortisol.

Partially SupportedAccumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cell membranes may be a problem, and removing them faster through a specific diet might prove this point.

Partially SupportedControlling cellular metabolic flexibility can be achieved by manipulating the relative abundance of glucose and fat.

Partially SupportedConcentric exercise involves muscle contraction with a load, while eccentric exercise involves muscle relaxation with a load.

Partially SupportedType 1 diabetics are more concerned with preventing blood glucose from dropping too low than with insulin spikes.

Partially SupportedIn diabetics, the inability of blood glucose to decline after a spike indicates metabolic dysfunction, not the spike itself.

Partially SupportedCirculating fat in the blood interferes with cells' ability to utilize glucose, which is a key factor in type 2 diabetes.

Partially SupportedCortisol increases vascular stiffness by activating the mineralocorticoid receptor, a mechanism targeted by drugs like spironolactone.

Partially SupportedHigh cortisol levels in critically ill individuals block the anabolic response to amino acids and can lead to elevated ammonia levels.

Partially SupportedIf the liver is overburdened with detoxifying toxic aldehydes and other substances, it stores them, leading to re-esterification of free fatty acids and storage in fatty tissue.

Partially SupportedVegan diets tend to have higher ratios of methionine and cysteine, but lower levels of muscle-building branched-chain amino acids compared to animal foods.

Partially SupportedChronic fasting and high-fat diets in animal models are detrimental to the liver, increasing lipolysis and the risk of fatty liver.

Not SupportedChronic, long-distance, exhaustive exercise can lead to a reduction in basal metabolic rate and loss of muscle mass.

Partially SupportedLiver health is central to type 2 diabetes and obesity, and these conditions often involve fatty liver disease.

Partially SupportedShort bursts of intense exercise like sprinting or high-intensity cycling can significantly improve cardiovascular fitness.

Partially SupportedHigh-intensity exercise, primarily concentric, can increase mitochondrial numbers in cells, whereas chronic exhaustive exercise may not increase, and can sometimes decrease, mitochondrial numbers.

Partially SupportedMetformin can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency in some individuals.

Not SupportedChasing fasting blood sugar as the primary marker for diabetes management can be misleading.

Not SupportedMainstream medicine's current approach to diabetes focuses on sugar, which is insufficient because it does not address the underlying cause.

Not SupportedFocusing solely on maintaining blood sugar below a certain level without considering food quality is a disregard for proper nutrition.

Partially SupportedOxidizing a lot of fat lowers the NAD to NADH ratio, increases the reductive state, and inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Partially SupportedWhen pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited, pyruvate accumulates and is used to regenerate NAD+, producing lactate as a byproduct.

Partially SupportedAspirin treatment for diabetes was associated with improved mood and energy levels.

Partially SupportedAnimals fed a vegan diet fared the worst in longevity studies compared to those with methionine restriction.

Partially SupportedPhytic acid and its derivatives can trigger an inflammatory reaction if they enter the bloodstream and are used as adjuvants in vaccines.

Partially SupportedSugar, including natural sources like fruit, honey, and fruit juice, is not inherently bad.

Partially SupportedPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a root cause of health issues.

Partially SupportedMentally stimulating and enjoyable activities can lead to greater calorie expenditure and long-term health benefits compared to stressful exercise.

Partially SupportedDuring prolonged exercise, the body may break down lean muscle tissue for glucose when glycogen stores are depleted.

Partially SupportedLow blood glucose is a reliable predictor of mortality in a hospital setting.

Not SupportedReducing blood glucose with a compound may indicate the body is not receiving needed nutrients.

Partially SupportedResistant starches can lead to higher endotoxin levels, increased inflammation, and elevated basal insulin and cortisol.

Partially SupportedHigh basal insulin and high cortisol often occur together to prevent rapid drops in blood glucose.

Partially SupportedHigh doses of aspirin historically did not cause lactic acidosis, unlike metformin.

Partially SupportedPolyunsaturated fatty acids are believed to cause long-term problems at the mitochondrial level, rather than carbohydrates like honey or potatoes.

Partially SupportedElevated cortisol and PUFA-induced antagonism of the insulin receptor are sufficient to cause diabetes.

Partially SupportedA cortisol to testosterone ratio less than 10 is considered normal for males.

Not SupportedSuffering is not necessarily required to live longer through dietary restriction.

Not SupportedThe prevailing longevity strategy of eating as little as possible and avoiding meat may be misguided; restricting specific amino acids is more effective for extending lifespan.

Not SupportedAutophagy is highly expressed in most solid tumors and may accelerate tumor growth and metastasis if fasting is prolonged.

Partially SupportedPotential benefits of metformin, such as lowering lipolysis and increasing glucose uptake, can be achieved through safer alternatives like aspirin, niacinamide, or sucrose.

Partially SupportedA spike in insulin after consuming high-glycemic foods like white rice is normal and followed by a drop in healthy individuals.

Partially SupportedOxidized unsaturated fats produce toxic aldehyde byproducts that act as metabolic inhibitors, exceeding the effectiveness of metformin.

Partially SupportedHigh doses of sodium salicylate and sucrose in the 1890s allowed individuals, including type 1 diabetics, to remain healthy.

Partially SupportedChronic stress causes health damage primarily through increased lipolysis leading to overexposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids from body tissues.

Partially SupportedThe drug acipimox improves insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels by limiting fat supply.

Partially SupportedDrugs that antagonize endotoxin receptors (TLR4) or serotonin have shown lifespan extension in animal studies.

Partially SupportedA flushing and sweating reaction to starch consumption may indicate an endotoxin reaction.

Partially SupportedTotal parenteral nutrition containing more than 40% polyunsaturated fats increases mortality in critically ill patients.

Partially SupportedA lack of a significant blood glucose spike after consuming glucose may indicate a problem with the pancreas or other physiological issues.

Partially SupportedA general recommendation for health is to eat like one's grandparents and not to worry excessively.

Partially SupportedA measure of health is the capacity to eat a large amount of food without gaining excessive fat.

Partially SupportedHard-to-process starchy foods advertised for low glycemic index should be avoided due to potential endotoxin production, not insulin response.

Partially SupportedPhytic acid in starchy foods can cause allergic reactions and trigger inflammation if it enters the bloodstream.

Partially SupportedDrugs that block autophagy are being investigated to stop the development of gastrointestinal cancers.

Partially SupportedExcessive autophagy may lead to negative cardiac remodeling and be associated with pre-cancerous conditions.

Partially SupportedWhen a biomarker becomes a target for intervention, it ceases to be a reliable biomarker.

Not SupportedComplete restriction of methionine is not advised as it is an essential amino acid and drastic reduction can lead to adverse effects, monitored by doctors through methionine metabolites in the bloodstream.

Partially SupportedFor individuals with a clean small intestine, well-cooked starches consumed with fat may be tolerated.

Not SupportedHigher food efficiency, defined as maximizing animal fat on minimal calories, is not a desirable trait in medicine.

Partially SupportedThe quality of food, not just calories, matters for longevity and weight management.

Not SupportedConsuming unripe fruit, such as green mangoes and green bananas, is evolutionarily inconsistent and not recommended.

Partially SupportedChronic ketosis can lead to the detrimental oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Partially SupportedAging is associated with a decreased ability to eat freely without gaining fat, potentially driven by catabolic hormones like cortisol.

Partially SupportedInhibiting lipolysis or increasing carbohydrate supply has a beneficial effect on the liver.

Partially SupportedMetformin is promoted for both increasing lifespan and as an anti-cancer preventative medicine, despite its risks.

Partially SupportedThe rice diet may cure diabetes by accelerating the removal of polyunsaturated fatty acids from cell membranes, but it is not recommended long-term.

Partially SupportedMetformin's primary observed effect is lowering blood glucose in type 2 diabetics, but it is not a disease-modifying therapy.

Partially SupportedProlonged endurance exercise can lead to muscle breakdown and loss of lean muscle mass after age 45-50.

Partially SupportedMany long-distance runners become sedentary or switch to more sustainable exercise after age 45-50 due to physical decline.

Partially SupportedActivated charcoal administration in animals has been shown to help retain lean muscle mass and maintain a more youthful appearance.

Partially SupportedConsuming the whole animal, including organs, provides sufficient collagen and balances amino acid ratios.

Not SupportedExcessive autophagy in the gastrointestinal tract is likely detrimental and may involve cells consuming each other for energy.

Partially SupportedNSAIDs like indomethacin, or anabolic steroids like testosterone, can restore the anabolic response to protein in elderly individuals by addressing inflammation and cortisol levels.

Partially SupportedElevated lactic acid levels in the blood are indicative of an impediment to glucose metabolism.