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How to Have the Best Poop of Your Life. Lucy Mailing PhD Returns!

PS

Paul Saladino2h 10m · 2021-01-05

Support Rate

52%

116 of 222 claims supported

Support rate

116 of 222 claims supported

116 supported106 partial / not

Claims from this content

183

Not SupportedMetabolic health context is crucial for understanding atherosclerosis, not just LDL's direct injury to the endothelium.Well SupportedConsuming fermented foods increased gut microbiota diversity in humans living in the industrialized world.Well SupportedIn a healthy gut primarily consuming carbohydrates, approximately 70% of energy for colon lining cells comes from butyrate derived from fiber fermentation.Partially SupportedGut bacteria convert choline and carnitine into TMA, which the liver oxidizes to TMAO, a contributor to atherosclerosis.Partially SupportedFiber intake alone did not directly support the gut microbiome in all individuals; in some, it had no effect, and in others, it worsened inflammatory markers.

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A. Volkovreader

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Bookmarking — the dossier-vs-overview split is the right call. Most of the time I want overview; sometimes I want receipts.

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Would love a "what would change this verdict" RSS feed. Sign me up if it exists.

Well SupportedOrgan meats like liver and brain are considered beneficial, although some thrive without them.

Well SupportedCholine supplementation has been shown to improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and choline deficiency can cause fatty liver.

Well SupportedThe microbiome composition of the Hadza gut shows seasonal variation, shifting towards a 'Western gut' profile during the dry season when meat consumption increases.

Well SupportedHoney contains over 180 biologically active compounds, including prebiotic oligosaccharides that are gentle on the gut and do not cause gas or bloating.

Partially SupportedGut microbiota alpha diversity may not be the sole indicator of health, and research suggests ketogenic and carnivore diets do not negatively impact it.

Well SupportedPaul Saladino consumes over 300 grams of carbohydrates per day, including significant amounts of honey and fruit juice, and maintains insulin sensitivity and a low A1C.

Well SupportedA ketogenic diet maintains gut mucus layer thickness and MUC2 expression, unlike fiber-free, high-sugar diets.

Well SupportedHoney has prebiotic properties and can contribute to high gut diversity, low inflammation, and good health markers.

Well SupportedAdopting a gluten-free diet improved the speaker's childhood and college eczema.

Well SupportedColonic epithelial cells can be fueled by isobutyrate from protein fermentation and circulating ketones, in addition to dietary fiber.

Not SupportedHoney is not suitable for individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes until their glycemia is normalized.

Partially SupportedElevated TMAO levels are likely caused by kidney disease and insulin resistance, not the other way around.

Well SupportedThe Hadza people exhibit yearly cycling in their diet, adapting to periods without fiber.

Well SupportedIndividuals with inflammatory bowel disease may experience negative effects from increased fiber intake.

Well SupportedFermenting vegetables can degrade glucosinolates, potentially making plants less toxic and more tolerable.

Partially SupportedThe Hadza and other indigenous groups do not develop inflammatory bowel disease when eating mostly animal products during the dry season.

Not SupportedOverconsumption of fermented foods may lead to dental issues such as enamel erosion due to their acidity.

Partially SupportedOther substrates like isobutyrate, valerate, propionate, or long-chain fatty acids can serve as energy sources for colonic epithelial cells when butyrate is low.

Partially SupportedAn animal-based diet can increase the microbe Bilophila, which can degrade TMA to DMA, thereby reducing TMAO production.

Well SupportedEating highly processed foods is a significant way to deplete the gut microbiome.

Well SupportedRefined sugar may cause poor gut health by increasing bacteria that break down the mucus layer protecting the large intestine lining.

Partially SupportedThe gut flora shifts at the beginning of a carnivore diet, likely becoming less focused on butyrate production.

Partially SupportedSome individuals with inflamed guts benefit from reducing fiber and prebiotic intake.

Partially SupportedIncreasing fiber intake did not affect microbial diversity in a study where participants consumed six servings per day.

Partially SupportedSunlight exposure can positively affect the gut microbiome and increase microbial diversity.

Partially SupportedHealthy individuals typically absorb 10-15% of dietary oxalates, but this can increase significantly in individuals with permeable gut issues or inflammation.

Partially SupportedExposure to animal microbiomes, such as from hunting and butchering animals, can provide beneficial 'probiotics' and increase microbial diversity.

Well SupportedLow baseline microbial diversity may lead to adverse inflammatory reactions to high fiber intake.

Partially SupportedConsuming stomach and intestine can help build a healthy gut.

Partially SupportedA Westernized diet is often low in fiber and contains seed oils and processed sugars, which can damage the gut.

Partially SupportedProteobacteria genera like Klebsiella and Escherichia are often associated with inflammation in a Western context.

Partially SupportedMetagenomic sequencing analyzes all DNA in a sample to provide a comprehensive view of the gut microbiome.

Partially SupportedThe Hadza's early exposure to certain microbes may reduce later aberrant immune responses.

Partially SupportedAdipocytes release free fatty acids into the blood via hormone-sensitive lipase, which impacts insulin sensitivity or resistance.

Partially SupportedThe presence of the microbe Bilophila wadsworthia, even if bile-tolerant, does not automatically mean it triggers inflammatory bowel disease.

Well SupportedMitochondrial health is crucial for gut health because mitochondria provide energy for epithelial cells.

Partially SupportedFermented foods may help detoxify certain compounds found in plant foods when consumed in moderation.

Partially SupportedColostrum is rich in immune factors like immunoglobulins, proline-rich peptides, hepatocyte growth factor, and lactoferrin.

Partially SupportedReduced exposure to microbes during childhood immune system maturation may lead to adverse immune responses and potentially autoimmune diseases.

Partially SupportedIndividuals on an animal-based diet can produce butyrate through gut microbe interconversion or conversion of beta-hydroxybutyrate.

Partially SupportedAllowing children to play in dirt may increase their microbial exposure.

Partially SupportedThe cheetah microbiome can produce short-chain fatty acids from protein or collagen, suggesting these could be considered 'animal fiber'.

Partially SupportedTransitioning from a vegan to a paleo diet reduced gas and improved general well-being, but did not improve eczema.

Well SupportedIn the week before menstruation, women who have ovulated should increase carbohydrate and protein intake to support training intensity.

Not SupportedIncreasing fiber and prebiotic intake is not mandatory for a healthier gut or disease prevention.

Partially SupportedBuckwheat honey contains phenolics and carbohydrates that can regulate the human intestinal microbiota.

Partially SupportedThe gut microbiome can be understood in terms of ecological niches and microbial substrates.

Partially SupportedBeta-oxidation breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon chains that form acetyl-CoA, a substrate for the TCA cycle, serving as a primary energy utilization pathway.

Partially SupportedRaw, unpasteurized, local honey is a beneficial food for humans and is treasured by hunter-gatherer populations globally.

Partially SupportedButyrate is produced when eating plant fiber, and isobutyrate, acetate, and propionate can be produced when eating protein and fat.

Partially SupportedFermented foods can be universally anti-inflammatory, but individual reactions vary and caution is advised for those new to them.

Partially SupportedA high amount of Proteobacteria in the gut microbiome is not necessarily indicative of an unhealthy state, as seen in the Hadza population.

Partially SupportedA short-term plant-based or animal-based diet can rapidly and reproducibly alter the gut microbiome and metabolites.

Partially SupportedAccessing raw microbiome data through platforms like Corebiome allows for detailed analysis of bacterial phyla, such as identifying specific types of Proteobacteria.

Well SupportedFermented foods may serve as a beneficial substitute for microbial exposure for individuals who do not have pets or frequent nature.

Partially SupportedComponents in immuno milk may be as effective as a flu vaccination in preventing the flu.

Partially SupportedSupplementing healthy aged women with L-carnitine increases TMAO and trimethylamine but does not affect markers of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular risk.

Partially SupportedHydrogen sulfide overgrowth may be a legitimate reason to avoid or modify a carnivore diet, requiring intervention to address the underlying issue.

Partially SupportedMetabolically healthy, active individuals with nature contact may have higher gut microbial diversity.

Partially SupportedBilophila was more abundant in the microbiome of healthy individuals compared to those with cardiovascular disease.

Partially SupportedThe definition of a healthy human microbiome is not known.

Partially SupportedPaleo dieters in urban Italy have microbial diversity levels comparable to indigenous tribes.

Partially SupportedA healthy microbiome is likely one that is consistent with an individual's ancestral diet.

Partially SupportedButyrate addition suppresses long-chain fatty acid metabolism in colonic epithelial cells, indicating it is the preferred energy source.

Partially SupportedVitamin B6 is important for balancing tryptophan metabolism in the gut, preventing inflammation and reduced serotonin production.

Partially SupportedCarnitine has endogenous antioxidant functions in the human body.

Partially SupportedIn animal studies, TMA has been correlated with improved cardiac contractility and diastolic function.

Partially SupportedCirculating acyl carnitines increase in the liver and muscle during fasting and exercise.

Partially SupportedPlasma TMAO and trimethyllysine do not modify the association between higher dietary choline intake and acute myocardial infarction risk in patients with stable angina.

Partially SupportedFatty acids in the blood are bound to albumin, taken up by cells, converted to acyl-CoA, and enter mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle for beta-oxidation.

Partially SupportedTesting for specific bacteria, such as methanogens or opportunistic Candida overgrowth, can be helpful when reintroducing foods.

Partially SupportedMetagenomic gut profiling can be helpful for individuals with post-infectious IBS or suspected unidentified infections.

Partially SupportedFecal Microbiota Transplant can modulate the immune system and benefit autoimmune diseases.

Partially SupportedGut microbes' ability to produce TMA from choline is dependent on nitrate, which is released from the gut epithelium in the context of gut inflammation.

Partially SupportedLab mice can be re-wilded by exposure to a wild microbiota.

Not SupportedFermented foods may have higher levels of histamine, potentially triggering histamine insensitivity in individuals with insufficient diamine oxidase (DAO).

Partially SupportedA 16-week intervention study showed that doubling fiber intake from 20g to 40g per day had no effect on gut alpha diversity.

Partially SupportedFecal transplants can effectively transfer microbiota between mice, especially given their coprophagic behavior.

Partially SupportedIn cases of a disordered gut, identifying missing keystone species, nutrient deficiencies, or gut lining damage is crucial for recovery.

Partially SupportedA small amount of honey occasionally is unlikely to significantly impact health if ketosis is quickly resumed.

Partially SupportedRecent longitudinal studies with daily stool metagenomics have not found a correlation between dietary diversity and microbial diversity.

Partially SupportedA short-term shift to a more plant-based diet and limiting animal protein and fat may be therapeutically beneficial for individuals with hydrogen sulfide overgrowth.

Partially SupportedThe gut and microbiome are central to overall health.

Partially SupportedMetagenomic analysis may yield false positives, and the clinical relevance of findings like Giardia or Cryptosporidium at very low abundances is not yet understood.

Not SupportedConsuming processed sugar without sufficient fermentable substrate may be detrimental, as ketones would be a preferable alternative fuel for colon epithelial cells.

Not SupportedThe Hadza's gut microbiome does not resemble a western microbiome in ways that cause pathology.

Not SupportedA diet very low in fiber but high in sugar is detrimental to gut health.

Not SupportedThe GAPS diet led to significant weight loss and negatively impacted athletic performance for the speaker.

Not SupportedThe term 'high-fat diet' in animal studies is often non-specific and misleading.

Partially SupportedKombucha may have helped heal eczema for some individuals due to its organic acid content.

Partially SupportedA ketogenic diet or ketone ester supplementation increases beta-hydroxybutyrate in the gut lumen and colon tissue, directly inhibits growth of Prevotella, and reduces gut barrier-associated Th17 cells.

Partially SupportedImmuno milk contains immunoglobulins, proline-rich peptides, lactoferrin, and hepatocyte growth factors which aid in gut healing.

Not SupportedBeing strictly carnivore or unable to incorporate even 'carnivore-ish' foods may indicate an unhealthy state.

Partially SupportedMolybdenum deficiency is common in individuals with hydrogen sulfide overgrowth and is important for detoxifying hydrogen sulfide.

Partially SupportedHunter-gatherer tribes in Africa often consume meat, organs, and fermented starch to detoxify grains.

Partially SupportedConsuming desiccated tripe may increase gut microbial alpha diversity.

Partially SupportedThe focus on fiber in gut health research may be overly dogmatic, requiring a less pathogenic lens for microbiome studies.

Partially SupportedReducing or removing fiber can be beneficial for many individuals with inflamed guts.

Not SupportedIt is advisable not to consume sugar without fiber in the diet.

Partially SupportedButyrate provides energy for epithelial cells and has anti-inflammatory signaling functions, including increasing regulatory T cells.

Partially SupportedA modern paleolithic diet may be associated with higher gut microbial diversity compared to a Mediterranean diet.

Partially SupportedFermented foods contain organic acids that can be therapeutic.

Partially SupportedLocal raw honey, particularly from Wisconsin, can help with seasonal allergies by providing local pollen tolerance.

Limited ResearchThe ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes is a commonly discussed metric in gut microbiome research, though its significance is uncertain.

Partially SupportedProteobacteria is a phylum of bacteria, a large taxonomic group that contains numerous genera and species, each potentially having different functions and contextual effects.

Partially SupportedA microbe that can be pathogenic in one context may be protective against disease in another, highlighting the nuanced roles of microbes.

Partially SupportedDifferent genera, phyla, and species of bacteria can have distinct functions and effects, and their interactions may also be significant.

Partially SupportedBilophila cannot be definitively classified as a 'bad' bacteria due to its functional characterization and context-dependent roles.

Partially SupportedThere is no single identified 'core healthy microbiome' across individuals; microbial function, not species, appears to be the key.

Partially SupportedA significant portion (up to 50-70%) of the gut microbiome remains unknown, highlighting the limitations of current knowledge.

Partially SupportedApproximately two-thirds of microbes in the human microbiome are unique to each person.

Partially SupportedAlpha diversity is a crude metric for gut health, as a diverse microbiome does not necessarily equate to a healthy gut.

Partially SupportedHumans may not require lifelong fiber, with potential substitutes like honey or animal tendons.

Partially SupportedThe raw data from the Corebiome platform for microbiome analysis is reliable.

Partially SupportedIntroducing very well-cooked vegetables slowly and trying multiple types can help individuals diversify their diet.

Partially SupportedGut diversity equivalent to non-Western populations can be achieved in urban environments by avoiding bread, grains, and processed sugar.

Partially SupportedHunter-gatherer populations exhibit higher microbial richness and biodiversity than rural farming and urban populations.

Partially SupportedThe speaker practices intermittent fasting more during the winter, potentially due to less sunlight and activity.

Partially SupportedSubjects on an animal-based diet lost weight in an interventional study, potentially due to glycogen depletion.

Partially SupportedA study comparing carnivore and plant-based diets found increases in Bilophila wadsworthia on the animal-based diet, linked to dietary fat, bile acids, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Partially SupportedConventional nutrition science has long considered diets rich in animal-based foods a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, often linked to increased TMAO levels.

Partially SupportedBile contains high levels of medium and long-chain fatty acids in the form of acyl carnitines, which are readily transported into mitochondria.

Partially SupportedEating sausage with pork casing may benefit gut health due to its nutrient content, including collagen.

Partially SupportedRaw, unpasteurized honey may undergo fermentation and could be associated with bacteria.

Partially SupportedThe Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) and low-starch ketogenic diets improved the speaker's skin and athletic performance.

Partially SupportedHoney is well-tolerated, while fruit and sweet potatoes may cause overeating, eczema triggers, or digestive discomfort.

Not SupportedMicrobiome reports suggesting increasing specific bacteria like Citrobacter to reduce constipation may be misleading.

Partially SupportedThe microbial content of fermented foods varies significantly between batches, especially in local ferments compared to mass-produced ones.

Partially SupportedYogurt and fermented vegetable brines were associated with the most improvement in one study, but yogurt is not tolerated by everyone.

Partially SupportedFermented foods can be universally anti-inflammatory, but individual reactions vary significantly.

Partially SupportedUnderlying parasitic infections can flare immune responses and may be managed by carnivore or keto diets, but addressing the infection directly could allow for greater dietary diversification.

Partially SupportedPersistent digestive issues while on a carnivore diet might indicate underlying hydrogen sulfide overgrowth.

Partially SupportedDecreased alpha diversity in the gut microbiome is associated with urbanization, westernization, and certain disease states.

Partially SupportedMetagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome can identify bacteria, viruses, eukaryotes, and archaea down to the species level.

Partially SupportedA healthy gut microbiome is defined by an individual's microbiome when they are healthy and symptom-free.

Partially SupportedThere is pervasive bias in nutritional science and microbiome studies, necessitating a more nuanced approach.

Partially SupportedExposure to sterilized animal gut contents, even without living microbes, may be helpful for gut health.

Partially SupportedThere are studies correlating vitamin D status with the microbiome.

Partially SupportedFecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) is FDA-approved for recurrent or recalcitrant Clostridium difficile infections.

Partially SupportedA healthy gut microbiome is characterized by functionality and occupied ecological niches.

Partially SupportedConsistent microbiome patterns are observed across diseases in a Western context, suggesting a focus on function over specific species.

Partially SupportedIn pathological states, Enterobacteriaceae expand and butyrate producers reduce in the gut microbiome.

Partially SupportedAn animal-based diet can lead to the best bowel movements and improved gut health.

Partially SupportedExperimental colonization, like fecal transplants, can restore microbial diversity and responsiveness in mice.

Partially SupportedThe gut mucus layer does not degrade without fiber if an animal-based diet is consumed.

Partially SupportedTypical butyrate producers include Eubacterium, Roseburia, and Fecalibacterium, while in carnivores, bile-tolerant species like Alistipes and Coprococcus are more common.

Partially SupportedCertain bacteria, such as Enterobacter, E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Shigella, are associated with inflammation and potential disease.

Partially SupportedExpansion of Enterobacteriaceae, loss of butyrate producers, and reduced gut microbiome alpha diversity correlate with disease.

Partially SupportedFeeding domesticated animals a wild diet can make their microbiome resemble that of their wild counterparts.

Partially SupportedMaintaining gut lining health requires adequate energy substrates for epithelial cells and robust mitochondrial function.

Partially SupportedMany microbiome report interpretations are based on associations rather than clear microbial function.

Partially SupportedVitamin B6 is important for balancing tryptophan metabolism in the gut.

Partially SupportedA meat and honey diet showed high alpha diversity, suggesting that fiber is not essential for maintaining gut microbial diversity.

Partially SupportedBacteriocytes and bacteriostatic factors in honey may work to improve gut microbial balance.

Partially SupportedB vitamins and CoQ10 are nutrients that support mitochondrial health and are crucial for gut health.

Partially SupportedSerum bovine immunoglobulins contain the same immunoglobulins as colostrum but lack milk proteins and may aid in dietary diversification.

Partially SupportedOwning dogs may lead to a more diverse gut microbiome.

Not SupportedA carnivore ketogenic diet is not recommended for individuals with hydrogen sulfide overgrowth, as it can exacerbate diarrhea and digestive issues.

Partially SupportedMaintaining colon hypoxia requires sufficient mitochondrial substrates in colonic epithelial cells.

Partially SupportedIdentifying the root cause of hydrogen sulfide overgrowth is a cutting-edge question in gastrointestinal medicine.

Partially SupportedExposure to ancestral or wild microbes in the environment may help humans return to a more wild microbiota.

Partially SupportedA disordered gut may involve missing components such as inflammation, pathogens, keystone species, nutrient deficiencies, or gut lining damage.

Partially SupportedThe absence of bifidobacteria was observed in a hunter-gatherer population, contrary to the common association of bifidobacteria with health.

Partially SupportedA high oxygen level in the colon indicates pathology.

Partially SupportedEnterobacteriaceae such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Klebsiella are often considered potential pathogens in stool tests.

Partially Supported16S sequencing typically identifies microbes down to the genus level, which is less limited than metagenomic sequencing.

Partially SupportedA modern paleolithic diet or lifestyle factors, including vitamin D or narrow-band UV light exposure, may play a role in gut health.

Partially SupportedRestoring microbiome health may be a more effective root cause treatment than eliminating plant toxins.

Partially SupportedIt is currently too early (as of 2020-2021) to definitively state the required amounts of specific microbes for a healthy gut.

Partially SupportedExposure to wild organisms may contribute to gut health.

Not SupportedPublishing research that challenges the status quo on LDL's role in atherosclerosis or low-fiber diets is difficult.

Partially SupportedHumans can likely thrive from a gastrointestinal perspective on a variety of diets, similar to ancestral populations.

Partially SupportedEarly observational studies suggested a correlation between eating more than 30 plant types per week and higher gut microbial diversity, though this may be influenced by healthy user bias.

Not SupportedNot all Proteobacteria species are harmful, as evidenced by their high abundance in the Hadza population without apparent negative health consequences.

Not SupportedIt is inaccurate to label a gut as unhealthy based solely on the absence or presence of specific bacterial species.

Partially SupportedShort-chain fatty acids, including butyrate, can be produced from collagenous tissues.

Partially SupportedIncreasing organ meats relative to muscle meat consumption may be ideal for individuals reducing animal protein intake.

Partially SupportedTransitioning from a full carnivore/animal-based diet to an 'animal-based' diet may require rehabilitating the microbiome.