Optimal blood glucose reference ranges include a ceiling of 140-155 mg/dL, a quick return to baseline, a small area under the curve, low glycemic variability, low fasting blood glucose, and fasting insulin ideally below 5, preferably below 3 micro IU/mL.

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Optimal blood glucose reference ranges include a ceiling of 140-155 mg/dL, a quick return to baseline, a small area under the curve, low glycemic variability, low fasting blood glucose, and fasting insulin ideally below 5, preferably below 3 micro IU/mL. — Whalespan