The brain makes predictions about future rewards, and these predictions fluctuate, representing a type of learning rule.

“Your brain makes a prediction when you play board position to board position that you're going to win the game. And that's a fluctuating quantity. That's a different kind of learning rule.”

“So, there's a difference. It's not just expectation and outcome. It's expectation next expectation current outcome >> and that is what rolls through and that is what we see installed in we have a paper uh this week coming out on honeybee brains where you can show the same sorts of learning rules in honeybee brains.”