Strengthening or weakening neural connections depends on precise millisecond timing and requires neuromodulators within a two-second window to determine if an event was a 'win' or 'loss'.

“The timing, whether to strengthen or weaken, is a millisecond, a thousandth of a second, says strong or weak? Which way should I go with it? And then I've got this two-second window that says sometime within a couple seconds, did it work? Was that a win or a loss?”