A lack of mechanistic studies makes it difficult to confirm claims that intermittent fasting significantly increases growth hormone levels.

Time-restricted eating produces fat loss independent of total calories.

A 72-hour fast measurably improves autophagy markers in healthy adults.

One-meal-a-day (OMAD) eating patterns increase all-cause mortality in long-running cohort data.

Eating the largest meal before 3pm improves 24-hour glucose vs. an evening-heavy schedule, calorie-matched.