Adrenaline and epinephrine are basic molecules involved in general mechanisms of arousal, alertness, and attention.

“Remember, the systems of your body that produce arousal, and alertness, and attention, and that cue you for optimal learning, aka focus. Those are very general mechanisms, they involve very basic molecules like adrenaline and epinephrin same thing actually, adrenaline and epinephrin. The number of stimuli, whether it's peppermint or ammonia, or a loud blast, the number of stimuli that can evoke that adrenaline response and that wake up response are near infinite.”