Vaccine development from preclinical models to FDA approval typically takes 20 years and costs $1 billion.

“what's the typical length of time to go from that pre-clinical where you've now filed an ind and you now would be applying to an institutional review board to do a phase one in the normal world that takes how long usually i think probably it's fair to say 10 years 15 years”

“as a general rule the process we just described going from a preclinical model in animals to the completion of a phase three trial with the fda approval of an agent here's the rule of thumb i use please correct me on the vaccine side i generally say that's 20 years and 1 billion dollars”