Andrew Huberman· PhD
then we've we and others have developed techniques to use Focus radiation um on the brain and that's called radio surgery so examples of that are gamma knife um cyber knife was invented at Stanford by one of my colleagues actually and this uses uh beams of radiation gamma knife uses a Cobalt Source multiple uh sources of cobalt the cyber knife uses x-rays uh when I started I was very involved with using cyclotron generated heavy particles like helium and proton and they can be focused and the advantage of this is you don't have to open the skull you focus it on a very small area and you can eliminate um vascular malformations called arterovenous malformations tumors you can even use it for some pain conditions like trigeminal neuralgia