Mouse studies on dietary substances can suggest hypotheses that need to be validated in human studies.

“But at least they suggest that such impacts could be happening. And, you know, the burden of proof is on us. You know, before we recommend a substance, we need to make sure that at least sufficiently we understand what it does to our microbes, what it does to our human body to make sure that we do no harm. So not every mouse-based study could be directly translated into humans, but many of them provide an intelligence hypothesis that needs to be ruled in or ruled out in human studies that follow.”