The nervous system uses general mechanisms involving molecules like adrenaline and epinephrine to evoke arousal and attention.

“Remember the systems of your body that produce arousal and alertness and attention and that cue you for optimal learning aka focus those are very general mechanisms. They involve very basic molecules like adrenaline and epinephrine same thing actually adrenaline epinephrine. The number of stimula, whether it's peppermint or ammonia or a loud blast, the number of stimula that can evoke that adrenaline response and that wake up response are near infinite.”