Depth electrodes placed against the olfactory epithelium can be used to measure dopamine and serotonin in healthy individuals during various activities.

“You can consent healthy people into doing this. You can snake this thing up there and clip it to their nostril, set up the electronics beside them, and then you can do all kinds of stuff, including letting them eat, letting them do mindfulness, meditation, breathing exercises, uh letting them do decision-making tasks with and without other people. You can do simple things like just a uh a stimulus and then squirt odor in there, a rewarding smell, >> and measure dopamine and serotonin.”