Kratom may provide pain relief by simultaneously interacting with opioid, serotonin, and adrenergic systems.

“This is really fascinating because all three of these neurotransmitter systems are intimately involved in pain processing. And we've always looked at um and I'll I'll say this from a medicinal chemist standpoint. Medicinal chemist goal are to make the best compounds, the most selective compounds for one target so pharmacologists can figure out what that target is doing. And here's another example from nature that's saying, "Look, if we hit all of these targets at once, you don't have to step on the gas quite as hard on each one and you get some kind of relief."”