Animal studies are valuable precursors to human clinical trials because animals do not experience the placebo effect and often have more acute senses.

“Animals have a certain advantage in this regard because they don't um subject themselves to the placebo effect as far as we know. >> Correct. >> And in addition to that, animals, most animals, including insects, but many non-human mammals have a much more powerful sense of of smell than we do. And many of the compounds in plants if they have uh like some people will um be familiar with the discussions about testosterone and estrogen as you know steroid”