Natural products like kratom can engage multiple biological pathways simultaneously, unlike scientific and medical approaches that typically focus on isolating single targets.

“what we do in science and medicine, reductionist science and medicine is we're trying to isolate receptors and pathways and dose response curves and we're trying to come up with essentially pills of isolated compounds, >> right, >> that hit one maybe two of these different pathways. Um, in fact, it's interesting that whenever a drug impacts multiple pathways, we call them offtarget effects, right?”