Downstream regulation of testosterone release at the gonads is influenced by catecholamines, sympathetic arousal, the HPA axis, cortisol release, and the adrenal medulla releasing androgens.

“And these are the downstream regulation of testosterone release at the gonads comes from many different areas. My work primarily looked at catecholamines and sympathetic arousal. - So things like epinephrin, adrenaline? - Correct, yeah, epinephrin, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, how they were signaling; the signaling cascade using the HPA axis, releasing cortisol, and then looking at how that also influenced the adrenal medulla to release androgens and then signaling that at the gonads.”