The evidence is convergent. Multiple independent sources reach the same conclusion, the underlying mechanism is well-characterized, and even the field's most cautious voices treat it as worth doing.
So there are individuals who are XY, so they have a Y chromosome, that are born that make testosterone. They have testes and they don't have Mullerian Ducts because on the Y chromosome is this Mullerian inhibiting hormone. However, these individuals look completely female. And in general, they report feeling like girls when they're young, women when they're older.
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So there's a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome, AIS and that syndrome was related to when men, who have the copy from their mother who is a carrier, their AR gene, or androgen receptor gene, is completely insensitive. So think of it, it's not related to the CAG repeats, but think of that receptor as just not working at all.
there are individuals who are XY so they have a y chromosome that are born that make testosterone they have testes and they don't have mulian ducts because they because on the Y chromosome is this mulian inhibiting hormone however these individuals look completely female and in general they report feeling like girls when they're young women when they're older but there's something unusual that's happening in these individuals because they have an XY chromosomal type and not XX so what's happening well what's happening is the testes are making testosterone but the receptor for testosterone is mutated and therefore the testes never descend they don't have ovaries they have testes but the testes are internal
Um the same is true for complete androgen insensits syndrome in which humans have this mutation in the androgen receptor. So they can't see testosterone and you know as we discussed they are completely feminized externally but they have testes because they are they have ex they're xy. Right. So they have testes but they're feminized and they think of themselves as females. They're race as females. They look like females. It's just at puberty, you know, they don't they don't start menstruating. See, they go to the clinic, they're diagnosed as XY with an SRY, but not responsive to testosterone.
Those people do not have ovaries, so they're infertile as a female. They also, however, don't have testes or the testes don't descend. They make testosterone, but the body can't respond to the testosterone. So, they look female, maybe a little bit um smaller breast development, etc., but they look female, but they are infertile.
The Y chromosome will mean that the indifferent gonad will develop his testes. The testes will secrete two hormones that are going to guide sexual differentiation in the periphery. One of them being antimmalarian hormone which is going to suppress the development of the malarian ducts and therefore no ovduct no uterus will form and the testus will also release testosterone which normally would masculinize the body. But in this case, because there's no functional androceptor to respond to it, the testosterone goes round and round, but the body doesn't respond. And so the wolfie and ducks don't develop. The periphery looks like a typical female.
So they go through female essentially female puberty and discover many of them will discover that they have testes and XY sex chromosomes. um when they don't get their period. So, they're like very feminine and um but the point here is that so we know for sure that and this seems this is the case in um