Andrew Huberman· PhD
And those neurons then connect ultimately to these motor neurons going to the diaphragm and to the external intercostals causing them to be active and causing this inspiratory effort.
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The evidence is convergent. Multiple independent sources reach the same conclusion, the underlying mechanism is well-characterized, and even the field's most cautious voices treat it as worth doing.
And those neurons then connect ultimately to these motor neurons going to the diaphragm and to the external intercostals causing them to be active and causing this inspiratory effort.
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When the neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex finish their burst of activity, then inspiration stops and then you begin to exhale because of this passive recoil of the lung and rib cage.
And following up on these experiments, we discovered that there was a second oscillator and that oscillator is involved in generating what we call active expiration.
We had made a fundamental mistake with the discovery of the pre-Botzinger, not taking into account that at rest expiratory muscle activity or exhalation is passive.
When we discovered the pre-Botzinger, we thought that it was the primary source of all rhythmic respiratory movements, both inspiration and expiration. ... And then in a series of experiments we did in the early part of 2000, we discovered that there seemed to be another region which was dominant in producing expiratory movements, that is the exhalation.
And following up on these experiments, we discovered that there was a second oscillator and that oscillator is involved in generating what we call active expiration.
finally found, there was a region in the brainstem, that's once again this region sort of above the spinal cord, which was critical for generating this rhythm. It's called the pre-Botzinger complex.
But now you're going to make the exhales active as well. So rather than just inhale and then let your lungs deflate, you could inhale [INHALES] and then force the air out. [EXHALES] That's going to represent a conscious taking over of control of the pre-Botzinger complex.