A cat may urinate outside the litter box if it associates the box with painful experiences.

“If it's a territorial thing it will typically be at the edges of sort of at the windows or doors. If it's a an elimination problem that the cat has sort of maybe perhaps uh it hurts when he pees. So then he learns to associate pain with going in the box and so the box starts representing painful experiences. So he will start going outside of the box.”