Molecules previously thought to affect only one longevity pathway also have connections to other pathways.

“And I think it's been really interesting. I've been working with you for, what, like about four years now. And in that time a lot of the molecules that we knew to be working on one of these pathways, there's been further research that has said, oh, that's not just an AMPK effect. There's also an mTOR connection there.”

“And that's these three longevity pathways, three longevity genes that we've been talking about. sirtuins, AMPK, and mTOR. Different drugs and supplements are thought to work on these different pathways in different ways. And we'll sort of like categorize them in those three buckets today.”

“Importantly, they all work together. We'll talk about later that sirtuins can activate AMPK. AMPK can activate sirtuins and mTOR. What they do downstream is complicated. We're not going to get into that except relevant to the brain, but they protect the body. They turn up metabolism, they burn fat, they repair DNA, they clear out senescent cells, they lower inflammation among many other things.”

“it's impossible actually to tweak one pathway and not affect the other two right and that's why it's so I would say confusing but but interesting these days because we're at the point where we know these things exist but we don't know in our bodies the best way to tweak each of these to be optimal”