The effectiveness of TMS and psychedelics in treating psychiatric conditions suggests a focus on brain circuitry and neuromodulation over chemical imbalances.

“So our work actually kind of pushes back on this serotonin hypothesis as being kind of the center of depression because it says, look, we're not giving anybody any serotonin. We're simply turning these brain regions on and we're focused on the circuitry. And that's psychiatry 3.0. It's not just like neuromodulation. Neuromodulations are really nice, you know, use case for psychiatry 3.0 'cause it's a way to focally and directly perturb brain regions in whatever modality you're using.”