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Rapamycin extends mouse lifespan 9–14%
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Blue-light glasses improve sleep quality
Walking 10 min after meals blunts glucose
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How to Optimize Fertility in Males & Females — Whalespan

Content›Video›How to Optimize Fertility in…

How to Optimize Fertility in Males & Females

Andrew Huberman4h 22m · 2023-01-23

Claims Made

398

Claims Supported

293

Support Rate

74%

Support rate

293 of 398 claims supported

293 supported105 partial / not

Claims from this content

301

✓Well SupportedDeliberate cold exposure can increase the release of catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, leading to improved mood for many hours afterward.✓Well SupportedAthletic Greens is a drink containing vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and adaptogens designed to meet foundational nutritional needs and aid recovery from stress.✓Well SupportedSmart mattress covers can be programmed to maintain a specific sleep temperature, which aids in falling asleep, achieving deep sleep, and REM sleep.✓Well SupportedBrain and body temperature must drop by approximately 1 degree Celsius to fall asleep and stay asleep.Well Supported

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Bookmarking — the dossier-vs-overview split is the right call. Most of the time I want overview; sometimes I want receipts.

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✓

Supplements can provide benefits for enhancing sleep quality, improving focus, supporting hormones, and improving mental and physical health and performance.

✓Well SupportedApplying an ice pack to the genital area while in the sauna can counteract the negative effects of sauna on spermatogenesis.

✕Not SupportedElevated scrotal temperature from hot tubs and saunas is detrimental to sperm quality.

✓Well SupportedMost people should aim for one gram of quality protein per pound of body weight daily to optimize muscle protein synthesis, reduce appetite, and support metabolic health.

✓Well SupportedSingle-ingredient supplement formulations allow for flexible dosing strategies.

✓Well SupportedAn increase in body temperature of 1-3 degrees Fahrenheit is necessary to wake up feeling refreshed and energized.

✓Well SupportedSmartphone proximity when turned on has negative effects on sperm quality, separate from heat effects.

✓Well SupportedVitamin D3 and K2 are essential for mental health, physical health, and performance by impacting hormone regulation, calcium regulation, and cardiovascular health.

✓Well SupportedDeliberate cold exposure may be beneficial for fertility and hormone production in males.

✓Well SupportedOptimizing sleep quality can be achieved through temperature regulation, including a cool room, temperature changes during sleep, and warming prior to waking.

✓Well SupportedTongkat Ali increased libido and sexual function in a 2012 study.

✓Well SupportedTime-restricted feeding studies showed participants ate 20% fewer calories, suggesting it can be an indirect method for calorie reduction and diet management.

✓Well SupportedSmartphone heat can diminish sperm quality by altering testicular temperature.

✓Well SupportedInsideTracker uses blood and DNA data to provide personalized nutrition, behavior, and supplement directives.

✓Well SupportedSex increases prolactin levels post-coitus, promoting calm and potentially facilitating pair-bonding.

✓Well SupportedAntral follicle count is measured via ultrasound to estimate the number of eggs leaving the ovarian reserve monthly.

✓Well SupportedMaui Nei venison bone broth provides 25 grams of protein per 100 calories.

✓Well SupportedFemales are born with approximately six to seven million eggs at 20 weeks gestation.

✓Well SupportedThe pituitary gland produces LH and FSH, which stimulate the testes to produce testosterone and sperm, respectively.

✕Not SupportedNot drinking alcohol is better for health than drinking alcohol.

✕Not SupportedDrinking a barrel of red wine per day would be required to obtain the same amount of resveratrol as administered to mice in studies, which is not recommended.

✓Well SupportedIn the absence of suspected endocrine dysfunction, baseline hormone levels should be established in late teens, mid-20s, and at age 30.

✓Well SupportedThe Vandenbergh effect, which involves a novel, sexually competent male triggering puberty activation in females, is of relevance to discussions about puberty.

◐Partially SupportedSperm can be separated by centrifuge to favor male or female offspring.

✓Well SupportedBeing very lean, below 10% body fat, is likely to negatively impact testosterone levels.

✓Well SupportedElevated estrogen levels before ovulation trigger a positive feedback loop stimulating FSH and LH release for ovulation.

✓Well SupportedHuman sperm counts declined significantly between 1940 and 1990, from 113 million/mL to 66 million/mL.

✓Well SupportedSperm survival within the female reproductive tract for several days reduces the need for precise ovulation timing for fertilization.

✓Well SupportedFor healthy adults not trying to conceive or pregnant, the maximum recommended alcohol intake is two drinks per week.

✕Not SupportedPregnant women should abstain from cannabis use due to its negative impact on fertility and fetal development.

✓Well SupportedDeliberate cold exposure has positive biological effects on brain function and metabolism.

✓Well SupportedIf a man has a congenitally absent vas deferens and his partner is a carrier for cystic fibrosis, there is a 4% chance of having a child with cystic fibrosis.

✓Well SupportedSupplements and protocols, including injectable and orally ingested L-Carnitine, can improve sperm and egg health and motility.

✓Well SupportedLibido tends to increase in women prior to and during ovulation, coinciding with the optimal time for fertility.

✕Not SupportedCannabis use can disrupt sperm motility and morphology, reducing the number of quality forwardly motile sperm available for fertilization.

✓Well SupportedPractices that optimize male and female fertility also optimize overall vitality and longevity.

✓Well SupportedHuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can stimulate testes to produce testosterone and rescue spermatogenesis, particularly in men using exogenous testosterone.

✓Well SupportedDeliberate cold exposure is effective as long as it is uncomfortable but safe, with water submersion to the neck, limbs, feet, and hands being a common method in studies.

✓Well SupportedMen should abstain from ejaculation for 72 hours prior to providing a semen analysis specimen, as frequent ejaculation can deplete sperm counts.

✓Well SupportedIncreasing body fat above 9-11% in males decreases testosterone by approximately 12 ng/dL per 1% increase in body fat.

✓Well SupportedCaloric load, rather than just fasting, appears to be the critical factor influencing a woman's cycle in response to dietary interventions.

◐Partially SupportedOccasional cannabis use does not cause permanent disruption to sperm motility and morphology because sperm are continually generated approximately every 60 days.

✓Well SupportedHaving sex every other day is optimal for conception, with pregnancy rates occurring 5 days before ovulation.

◐Partially SupportedIn ICSI, sperm with the best morphology and motility are selected and injected into an egg.

✓Well SupportedSomatic cells can have their gene expression modified by behavior and environmental factors, unlike germline cells.

◐Partially SupportedFSH triggers follicle maturation and hormone production in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

✓Well SupportedProlonged sauna exposure may be detrimental for conception, and using a cold pack on the scrotum may be beneficial.

✓Well SupportedInterventions such as L-carnitine, exercise, adequate sleep, and stress limitation can support fertility by improving egg and sperm quality.

✕Not SupportedConsuming 5-6 drinks in a night disrupts egg quality and the follicle pool in females.

✕Not SupportedConsuming three to five drinks in a night while trying to conceive is a detrimental practice that reduces fertility and the likelihood of a successful pregnancy.

✓Well SupportedIn younger women (late teens, 20s, 30s), the ovarian reserve contains more eggs, leading to a higher number of follicles and eggs released monthly.

✓Well SupportedAccumulation of body fat, which releases the hormone leptin, can trigger the onset of puberty in females by activating GnRH-releasing neurons in the hypothalamus.

✓Well SupportedThe follicular phase of the ovulatory/menstrual cycle is characterized by FSH from the pituitary and estrogen (estradiol) produced by the ovary.

✓Well SupportedProgesterone levels rise during the luteal phase, peaking around day 21, and drop if pregnancy does not occur, leading to endometrial shedding.

✓Well SupportedThe pituitary gland releases LH and FSH in both males and females, which stimulate gonadal hormone production.

✓Well SupportedThe earlier and more frequent women measure AMH and follicle count, the higher the probability of successful fertilization and pregnancy when they seek to conceive.

✓Well SupportedSleep is the most important factor impacting reproductive hormone system and thus egg/sperm quality.

✓Well SupportedZinc supplementation may improve sperm quality and testosterone levels in males.

✓Well SupportedAn abnormal or scarred fallopian tube increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

◐Partially SupportedFor women aged 31 to 33, the monthly probability of conceiving is approximately 18%, suggesting a natural conception attempt period of six to seven months.

✓Well SupportedOptimizing sleep is fundamental to balancing hormones, which impacts mental health, physical health, performance, and fertility.

◐Partially SupportedKeeping the scrotum and testicles cooler than the rest of the body is paramount for optimizing sperm quality and fertilization.

◐Partially SupportedShilajit stimulates the release of FSH and testosterone and is unlikely to shut down endogenous production of these hormones.

◐Partially SupportedEjaculate contains sperm of varying ages and quality, with concentration decreasing with successive ejaculations in a short period.

◐Partially SupportedIndividuals considering conception may want to consider halting cannabis use, especially if experiencing conception difficulties.

✓Well SupportedAnti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) can be measured via blood draw to assess fertility.

◐Partially SupportedThe average age of menarche in the US decreased from 14 in 1900 to 11 in 1990.

◐Partially SupportedElevating the pelvis by approximately 20 degrees for 15 minutes post-ejaculation may increase fertilization probability.

◐Partially SupportedSperm analysis should be performed at least every five years for men, and freezing sperm at a younger age is recommended for men planning to conceive.

◐Partially SupportedAcetyl-L-carnitine supplementation can improve sperm motility, speed, and trajectory, and may also be beneficial for women's fertility.

◐Partially SupportedAndrew Huberman starts every day with a one to three-minute cold shower or immersion up to the neck for psychological effects like dopamine and epinephrine increases.

◐Partially SupportedThe optimal strategy for fertilization is to center intercourse with ejaculation around the day of ovulation.

◐Partially SupportedMyo-inositol is recommended for improving egg and sperm quality due to its positive impact on insulin sensitivity.

✕Not SupportedOne drink per day of alcohol increases breast and colon cancer risk.

◐Partially SupportedDeliberate cold exposure can be beneficial for the overall fertility process in females by indirectly reducing cortisol levels at times other than early morning.

✕Not SupportedExposure to elevated temperatures, such as from hot tubs or hot baths, can mutate and disrupt developing sperm and kill sperm.

✓Well SupportedOlder paternal age increases the incidence of problematic pregnancies and developmental outcomes, including autism.

✕Not SupportedThere is no evidence that pregnant individuals can safely consume alcohol, and the potential health of the child cannot be known if alcohol was consumed.

◐Partially SupportedWhether cannabis increases or decreases sexual arousal depends on pre-intake prolactin levels.

◐Partially SupportedInositol is known to be effective in reducing anxiety at very high dosages, but its efficacy at lower dosages like 900 milligrams is not yet known.

◐Partially SupportedOptimizing egg and sperm quality is important for successful pregnancy and for determining the qualities of offspring.

✓Well SupportedThe probability of a woman getting pregnant in a given month decreases with age, from about 20% at age 30 to 1-3% for women aged 40 or older.

✓Well SupportedMost adults require approximately six to eight hours of quality sleep per night for optimal health and fertility.

✕Not SupportedCannabis use during pregnancy is detrimental to fetal health and brain development.

✓Well SupportedFour weeks of a 16-8 intermittent fasting window has been shown in studies to cause a decline in testosterone for males.

✓Well SupportedDizygotic (fraternal) twins result from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm.

◐Partially SupportedTaking oral L-carnitine can increase TMAO levels, which may cause arterial stiffening, and this increase can be offset by taking 600mg of garlic extract daily.

◐Partially SupportedCold packs for sauna use should have a thin insulating layer to prevent direct contact with scrotal skin.

◐Partially SupportedShilajit supplementation increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a study.

◐Partially SupportedMelatonin is tonically released around the clock in children prior to puberty, contributing to the suppression of puberty onset.

◐Partially SupportedThe corpus luteum, formed after ovulation from the ruptured follicle, produces high levels of progesterone and estradiol.

✓Well SupportedMonozygotic (identical) twins arise from a single fertilized egg that splits, resulting in genetically identical individuals.

◐Partially SupportedA polar body is ejected from the egg, transforming the diploid egg into a haploid cell with 23 single-stranded chromosomes.

◐Partially SupportedEgg and sperm quality are not truly optimized in most individuals and encompass a broad range of measurable factors.

◐Partially SupportedA regular menstrual period, typically ranging from 21 to 35 days, usually indicates regular ovulation, though exceptions can occur.

◐Partially SupportedSperm count per milliliter has decreased from 100 million 35-100 years ago to 15-50 million currently.

◐Partially SupportedMales with specific genetic defects affecting sperm morphology may be incapable of natural conception but can potentially achieve fertilization through in-vitro fertilization.

◐Partially SupportedTestosterone from Leydig cells combined with androgen-binding protein from Sertoli cells is necessary for spermatogenesis.

◐Partially SupportedIncreases in androgens such as DHEA and testosterone in females can trigger libido.

✓Well SupportedFor individuals interested in conceiving, hot showers are likely fine, but hot tubs and hot baths should be avoided.

◐Partially SupportedSome women can accurately estimate their ovulation timing to within a couple of hours, and some report feeling ovulation.

◐Partially SupportedSome men are prescribed hCG alone to stimulate testosterone and sperm production, even without prior use of TRT or exogenous testosterone.

◐Partially SupportedExcessive heat is a major cause of lowered sperm count and reduced sperm quality, often associated with varicoceles.

◐Partially SupportedTaking zinc, especially at doses of 100mg or more, should be done with a meal to avoid gastric distress and nausea.

◐Partially SupportedAcupuncture can improve the mechanical aspects of the male reproductive system to enhance spermatogenesis and fertilization probability.

◐Partially SupportedProgesterone impacts the uterine lining to prepare it for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

◐Partially SupportedLuteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have different biological implications in ovaries versus testes.

◐Partially SupportedSperm motility is scored on a scale of 0 to 3, with 3 being the fastest forward progression.

◐Partially SupportedFor women with low FSH, FSH may be prescribed; for low LH, hCG may be prescribed.

◐Partially SupportedFor IVF, a sperm analysis should show at least 50% motile sperm.

◐Partially SupportedTesticular testosterone levels are at least 10-fold higher than serum levels and are necessary for sperm production.

◐Partially SupportedThe frequency of miscarriages increases dramatically after age 34.

◐Partially SupportedOB-GYNs may perform an AMH blood test during an annual check-up if a patient requests it.

◐Partially SupportedAcupuncture stimulation of specific body sites and neurons can reduce inflammation via fascia connectivity.

✓Well SupportedHeat is generally detrimental to biological tissues, including sperm.

✓Well SupportedHigh doses of hCG (above 1500 units three times a week) can suppress FSH and LH, necessitating the addition of Clomid to maintain fertility.

✕Not SupportedSmoking cannabis significantly decreases the probability of healthy fertilization and pregnancy.

✓Well SupportedThe distance sperm must travel from the cervix to the egg can be proportionally equivalent to the distance between Los Angeles and San Francisco.

✓Well SupportedA consistently repeating menstrual cycle length is preferable to one with significant variation.

◐Partially SupportedClinicians prefer an ejaculate volume of more than 2 milliliters for individuals wishing to conceive.

✓Well SupportedExogenous testosterone in TRT causes testicles to shut down natural production and significantly reduces or eliminates spermatogenesis due to negative feedback loops.

◐Partially SupportedInositol appears to reduce anxiety and improve fertility, particularly in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

◐Partially SupportedL-carnitine supports mitochondrial function for chromosome separation during egg maturation and sperm motility.

◐Partially SupportedCoQ10 supports mitochondrial health, which is vital for egg and sperm formation and fertilization.

◐Partially SupportedA daily dosage of 100 to 400 milligrams of CoQ10, taken with a meal containing fat, is commonly suggested for improving fertility in both men and women.

◐Partially SupportedSmoking increases reactive oxygen species in seminal fluid, negatively impacting sperm function and fertilization.

◐Partially SupportedAcupuncture can impact fertility by affecting hormones and influencing reproductive tissues.

◐Partially SupportedApps for tracking ovulation can incorporate temperature data and the onset of menstruation to predict ovulation.

◐Partially SupportedFor women in their late 30s or early 40s, conceiving can take four to five times longer than for younger women.

◐Partially SupportedThe choice of underwear does not significantly impact sperm quality.

◐Partially SupportedSperm analysis is inexpensive and provides valuable information about sperm number and quality.

◐Partially SupportedWomen with low testosterone may be prescribed testosterone, and those with high testosterone and PCOS may be prescribed anti-androgens or androgen blockers.

◐Partially SupportedLifestyle factors, including nutrition, supplements, and prescription drugs, can modify sperm quality.

◐Partially SupportedRadiofrequency waves and EMFs have a negative impact on biological tissues.

✕Not SupportedCarcinogens and mutagens in smoked tobacco or cannabis can directly mutate sperm DNA, cause DNA fragmentation, and debilitate sperm.

◐Partially SupportedThe cremaster muscle contracts or relaxes in response to local temperature to maintain optimal testicular temperature.

◐Partially SupportedAvoid exposing testicles to elevated temperatures, including hot tubs and hot baths, to optimize fertility within 90 days.

◐Partially SupportedPrior to puberty, GABA released by hypothalamic neurons suppresses the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

◐Partially SupportedSpermatogenesis occurs continuously throughout a male's life after puberty, unlike oocyte development in females.

✕Not SupportedAlcohol consumption disrupts hormonal cascades and the ovarian milieu, impacting GnRH secretion and pituitary function.

✕Not SupportedThere is no scientific data to support a causal relationship between the lunar cycle and the menstrual cycle.

✕Not SupportedSome commercially available lubricants can be detrimental to sperm health and motility.

✕Not SupportedNicotine disrupts fertilization and pregnancy.

✕Not SupportedCannabis use can negatively impact egg quality.

◐Partially SupportedHaving early fertility assessments provides a valuable reference point for comparing biological status later in life.

◐Partially SupportedIVF involves administering supraphysiological FSH and LH to mature multiple eggs for fertilization.

◐Partially SupportedTaking supplements to support hormone production, such as tongkat ali, is distinct from taking hormones or bioidentical hormones, which can suppress endogenous hormone production.

◐Partially SupportedHormone analysis is valuable for baseline reference even when no problems are present.

✕Not SupportedA single instance of binge drinking (5-6 drinks in 12 hours) greatly increases the likelihood of embryo mutations and reduces the probability of fertilization.

✕Not SupportedDrinking alcohol during pregnancy is a terrible idea, and there is no evidence that any amount is safe.

✕Not SupportedFor pregnant or breastfeeding women, the recommended alcohol intake is zero drinks per week.

◐Partially SupportedThe ovulatory/menstrual cycle involves signals from the brain to the pituitary, which signals hormone release to the ovaries to control egg maturation and prepare the uterine environment.

◐Partially SupportedShilajit may increase testosterone, FSH, libido, and sperm health due to its high folic acid content aiding cellular transport.

◐Partially SupportedOptimizing fertility status for both males and females is a key strategy for achieving and maintaining optimal physical health.

✕Not SupportedTime-restricted feeding during pregnancy has not been studied in a regimented way, and pregnant individuals should consult doctors before implementing such diets.

◐Partially SupportedSpermatogenesis requires testes to be approximately 2 degrees Celsius cooler than the rest of the body.

◐Partially SupportedRegularity of menstrual cycle duration aids in predicting ovulation timing.

◐Partially SupportedSperm counts appear to be declining, and the exact reasons are not fully clear.

◐Partially SupportedMen with one copy of the cystic fibrosis gene mutation can have their vas deferens surgically repaired or sperm extracted directly from the testicle to achieve conception.

◐Partially SupportedThe Y sex chromosome contains genes that suppress female reproductive axis development and promote male genitalia development.

◐Partially SupportedCannabis can be beneficial for some populations but is detrimental for fertility and healthy pregnancy.

◐Partially SupportedFor those experimenting with Shilajit, starting with a small bead dissolved in water once per day and increasing as needed is recommended.

◐Partially SupportedSupplements that adjust hormones beneficial for fertility do not disrupt feedback pathways or shut down endogenous hormone production, unlike exogenous hormone therapy.

◐Partially SupportedThe recommended dosage for D-chiro inositol is typically 1/25 to 1/40 of the myo-inositol dose.

◐Partially SupportedFailures in chromosome segregation during meiosis can lead to fertilization issues, implantation failures, miscarriages, and birth defects like trisomies.

◐Partially SupportedMaximizing male and female fertility can involve prescription drugs and surgical interventions.

◐Partially SupportedPhthalates and BPAs may disrupt the seminiferous tubule milieu by reducing testosterone or disrupting Sertoli cells and androgen-binding protein, negatively impacting sperm counts.

◐Partially SupportedThe mid-region of a sperm cell is crucial for its forward progression and involves the activity of mitochondria for ATP generation.

◐Partially SupportedSignificant variability or erratic changes in menstrual cycle length may indicate underlying issues and warrant discussion with an OB/GYN.

◐Partially SupportedVasectomies are a highly effective form of birth control that prevent sperm release.

◐Partially SupportedTarget blood levels for Coenzyme Q10 are between 0.5 and 2.5, and supplementation is often recommended by fertility specialists.

◐Partially SupportedGel pack cold briefs called 'snowballs' can be used to apply cold to the testicles.

◐Partially SupportedIvf allows for the examination of the genetic makeup, including karyotype, of early embryos, enabling sex selection.

◐Partially SupportedSexually active individuals should undergo STI checks as certain STIs can increase miscarriage probability and negatively impact male reproductive health.

?Limited ResearchSupplements containing testosterone as a hidden ingredient may potentially reduce or shut down endogenous testosterone production.

◐Partially SupportedDay one of the menstrual/ovulatory cycle is designated as the first day of the period (shedding of the uterine lining).

?Limited ResearchThe exact mechanisms by which Shilajit increases testosterone, FSH, libido, egg quality, and sperm quality are not entirely clear.

◐Partially SupportedThe biological sex of offspring is determined by the chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male) carried by the egg and sperm.

◐Partially SupportedTestes contain a mix of immature, mature, and dying sperm, as well as sperm of varying health and motility.

◐Partially SupportedSelecting for healthy chromosomal arrangements is paramount for conceiving a healthy child.

◐Partially SupportedInhibin, in conjunction with estrogen, feeds back to the hypothalamus to prevent the release of FSH and LH.

◐Partially SupportedAcupuncture is an effective treatment for fertility, pregnancy, hormone status, stress relief, and chronic illnesses.

◐Partially SupportedThere are mixed data regarding the idea that older fathers tend to have more daughters than sons.

◐Partially SupportedTypically, only one ovary releases an egg during a single ovulation cycle.

◐Partially SupportedOmega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish, plant sources, or krill are recommended for optimizing egg and sperm quality.

◐Partially SupportedTreatments for women not ovulating can involve adjusting FSH levels, acupuncture, supplementation, and prescription hormone therapies.

◐Partially SupportedClomiphene can regulate testosterone and estrogen pathways at the brain, pituitary, and gonadal levels.

◐Partially SupportedExogenous hormones are administered to suppress ovulation during the IVF process.

◐Partially SupportedIn one in five couples with fertility issues, the problem lies with sperm quality or quantity.

◐Partially SupportedUndescended testes can impair fertility and require medical attention.

◐Partially SupportedMales may benefit from higher zinc intake than the recommended daily allowance, obtainable through foods like oysters.

◐Partially SupportedHigh zinc levels in testes may significantly increase spermatogenesis and testosterone.

◐Partially SupportedZinc dosages of approximately 120 milligrams taken twice per day with meals can significantly increase testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in males.

◐Partially SupportedZinc supplementation appears to have a targeted effect on testosterone and related pathways in males.

◐Partially SupportedOne in 25 men carry a cystic fibrosis gene mutation that can cause defects in the vas deferens leading to reduced sperm count.

◐Partially SupportedMature eggs and follicles are collected from a woman under ultrasound guidance during IVF.

◐Partially SupportedSex selection is possible using in-vitro fertilization by analyzing embryo karyotypes.

◐Partially SupportedMenstrual cycles shorter than 21 days or longer than 35 days are rare but can occur.

◐Partially SupportedSuccessful fertilization requires sperm with rapid forward motility, correct oval head morphology, a single tail, and sufficient mitochondria in the mid-region.

◐Partially SupportedMitochondrial function is crucial for the proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis in sperm development, impacting fertilization, implantation, and preventing birth defects.

◐Partially SupportedThe mid-region of a sperm cell is rich in mitochondria and generates the tail movement necessary for forward progression and swimming speed.

◐Partially SupportedFor females 30 years old or younger, intercourse around the time of ovulation results in a successful fertilization and pregnancy approximately 20% of the time on the first attempt.

◐Partially SupportedAround ovulation, the pH of the female reproductive tract shifts to favor sperm motility and health.

◐Partially SupportedFecundability is age-dependent, particularly on female age, and cumulative pregnancy rates are not based on independent probabilities.

◐Partially SupportedIf fertilization does not occur and menstruation happens, inhibin and progesterone levels drop, leading to the secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH, initiating a new follicular phase.

◐Partially SupportedThe ovulatory and menstrual cycles are responsible for reducing the number of chromosomal pairs in the egg to 23 single chromosomes and preparing the egg for fusion with sperm.

◐Partially SupportedA normal ejaculate volume (2-5 ml) does not guarantee the presence of sperm or that any sperm present are functionally motile.

◐Partially SupportedInsulin insensitivity is associated with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and inefficient cellular insulin utilization.

◐Partially SupportedTestosterone can stimulate hair growth, estrogen can activate breast tissue enlargement, and prolactin can control milk production.

◐Partially SupportedMalaise in the mid to second half of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is associated with depletion in estrogen levels.

◐Partially SupportedLuteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) can travel into cells, alter gene expression, and change cell properties, leading to cell maturation.

◐Partially SupportedThe pituitary gland functions as a negative feedback system, regulating hormone production by shutting down the production of trigger hormones when hormone levels are too high.

◐Partially SupportedOB/GYNs and urologists can diagnose and treat male fertility issues, including low sperm production with normal testosterone.

◐Partially SupportedMethods exist for separating sperm to influence the sex of offspring in IVF.

◐Partially SupportedAcupuncture can increase endogenous testosterone and other hormones that support male hormone and sperm production.

◐Partially SupportedSperm generation takes approximately 60 days from parent cell to mature, motile sperm.

◐Partially SupportedHigh-dose zinc supplementation did not impact gonadotropin-releasing hormone or prolactin.

◐Partially SupportedThe effects of high-dose zinc on females have not been systematically explored.

◐Partially SupportedZinc levels in fish testes increase significantly during their breeding season.

◐Partially SupportedEgg quality declines with increasing maternal age.

◐Partially SupportedThe cumulative pregnancy rate increases over time with repeated attempts to conceive, due to factors related to the biology of both the egg and sperm.

◐Partially SupportedThe fertilization process requires bringing a sperm cell together with an egg cell, which must reduce its chromosome pairs to a single set.

◐Partially SupportedThe likelihood of fertilization depends on multiple independent probabilities related to the biology of the egg and sperm, as well as chance events.

◐Partially SupportedFemale eggs are immature at birth and contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (diploid).

◐Partially SupportedDiploid cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, while haploid cells contain only 23 chromosomes (one set).

?Limited ResearchSupplements containing testicle extracts may contain testosterone and could potentially reduce endogenous testosterone production.

◐Partially SupportedMany couples do not conceive in the first month of trying, even with optimal methods and conditions.

✕Not SupportedNicotine and cannabis (smoking and vaping) should be limited or avoided when trying to conceive and during pregnancy.

◐Partially SupportedThe notion that women can sense changes within their ovary, including egg deployment, is plausible due to sensory endings in the ovary.

◐Partially SupportedAge, egg quality, and timing of intercourse with viable sperm are major factors in determining a woman's fertility.

◐Partially SupportedThe temperature method for tracking ovulation involves measuring intravaginal temperature for changes consistent with ovulation.

◐Partially SupportedAntral follicles are small follicles, typically 2-9 millimeters in diameter, that are released monthly from the ovarian reserve.

◐Partially SupportedAcupuncture can improve fertility and pregnancy outcomes.

◐Partially SupportedSperm cells are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes, unlike diploid somatic cells.

◐Partially SupportedMenstruation typically lasts one to five days, with progesterone influencing heaviness.

◐Partially SupportedA severe viral illness in males within the previous 70-90 days can significantly reduce sperm count and/or quality.

◐Partially SupportedExercise, encompassing both resistance and cardiovascular training, improves mitochondrial health, particularly through cardiovascular exercise.

◐Partially SupportedSperm quality declines with mobile phone use.

◐Partially SupportedFor women aged 38 to 39, the probability of successful natural conception is approximately 5%.

◐Partially SupportedReducing stress through adequate quality sleep can buffer stress and limit cortisol release to the early part of the day.

◐Partially SupportedSufficient exercise is important for fertility in both males and females.

◐Partially SupportedThere is a split opinion among fertility specialists regarding whether a woman's body position after ejaculation influences pregnancy probability.

◐Partially SupportedSupplement-based approaches to increase testosterone or free testosterone are not expected to shut down endogenous testosterone production or reduce sperm count within normal dosage ranges.

◐Partially SupportedTilting the pelvis back and lying still for 15 minutes after ejaculation may potentially bias the likelihood of fertilization.

✕Not SupportedTaking 15-30mg of zinc on an empty stomach can cause significant nausea.

✕Not SupportedAristotle's theory that a man's thoughts at ejaculation influence offspring sex is not supported by data.

✕Not SupportedProlonged sitting and using seat heaters in cars are detrimental to sperm health due to increased scrotal temperature.

◐Partially SupportedImproved nutrition and availability of quality food can trigger the onset of puberty, ovulatory cycle, and menstruation.

◐Partially SupportedMaternal influenza infection in the first trimester of pregnancy is correlated with negative mental health outcomes in offspring later in life.

◐Partially SupportedVasectomies are generally reversible, but not always.

◐Partially SupportedEmbryos with unhealthy chromosomal arrangements are typically not selected for implantation.

◐Partially SupportedThe first half of the menstrual cycle is characterized by follicle maturation and FSH, while the second half involves progesterone accumulation and uterine lining thickening for potential implantation.

◐Partially SupportedCessation of menstruation can be caused by excessive caloric restriction, caloric deficit from excessive physical activity, or lifestyle factors affecting the hypothalamus or pituitary.

◐Partially SupportedFor men seeking to improve sperm quality and testosterone levels, optimizing caloric intake within an 8-12 hour eating window is likely sufficient.

✕Not SupportedHeavy drinking, smoking, or regular cannabis use can negatively impact sperm quality by creating reactive oxygen species that disrupt seminal fluid chemistry.

◐Partially SupportedThe onset of puberty in females is controlled by signals from both the brain and the body.

◐Partially SupportedTemperature modulation is a key factor in spermatogenesis, sperm quality, and sperm function.

◐Partially SupportedAcupuncture may improve pregnancy likelihood, supported by increasing mechanistic data.

◐Partially SupportedOne follicle containing an egg is selected for further maturation, while all other maturing follicles degenerate and are lost from the ovarian reserve.

◐Partially SupportedHigher sperm concentration per milliliter of ejaculate increases the probability of fertilization.

◐Partially SupportedSelecting for healthy chromosomal arrangements is paramount when aiming for a healthy child.

◐Partially SupportedA typical sperm analysis aims for a sperm concentration of 15-20 million per milliliter of semen, with 2-5 milliliters of semen volume after 48-72 hours of abstinence.

◐Partially SupportedWhen taking 5 grams of myo-inositol daily, it is advisable to take it in the late evening, starting with lower doses and gradually increasing.

◐Partially SupportedThe recommended daily intake of EPA from omega-3 fatty acid supplements is at least 1 gram per day, and can be as high as 2 to 3 grams per day.

◐Partially SupportedUnderstanding the biology of fertility and fertilization can maximize vitality and longevity.

◐Partially SupportedThe increase in androgens from tongkat ali supplementation in males can lead to improved spermatogenesis.

◐Partially SupportedHealthy sperm morphology includes an oval head containing enzymes and proteins for egg fusion and delivery of genetic material, and a mid-region packed with mitochondria for motility and forward progression.

◐Partially SupportedEgg quality diminishes with age due to changes in mitochondrial function and spindle integrity.

◐Partially SupportedSperm production can continue into a person's 80s, 90s, and 100s, though quality may decrease.

◐Partially SupportedLarge thighs, whether due to muscle or excess weight, can substantially lower sperm count by increasing scrotal temperature.

✕Not SupportedChronic shilajit use in women may alter follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels.

✕Not SupportedDisruption of luteinizing hormone, FSH, testosterone, or androgen-binding protein can lead to significant disruption or elimination of sperm production.

✕Not SupportedElevated scrotal temperatures can lead to sperm death and unhealthy sperm impacting forward progression and DNA delivery.

◐Partially SupportedChromosomal abnormalities in eggs can lead to miscarriage.

◐Partially SupportedThe suppression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the hypothalamus is removed during development, typically between ages 11 and 15, allowing GnRH to activate cells in the anterior pituitary.

◐Partially SupportedThe obligatory menstrual cycle, or female reproductive cycle, occurs when luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are released, leading to the potential for egg fertilization.

◐Partially SupportedThe maturation of the egg during the follicular phase leads to estrogen production, which is necessary for the overall process to occur.

◐Partially SupportedThe onset of puberty in females is controlled by hormones and neurotransmitters communicated from the brain's hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

◐Partially SupportedThe anterior pituitary releases two key hormones into the bloodstream that play an active role in both males and females.

◐Partially SupportedThere is no data to support the notion that specific sexual positions or time of day during intercourse can bias the likelihood of conceiving male or female offspring.

◐Partially SupportedThe ovulatory menstrual cycle is initiated from the brain, involving hormonal and neurotransmitter communication from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

◐Partially SupportedFemales generate a fixed vault of immature egg cells during embryogenesis which are not replenished throughout life.

◐Partially SupportedWomen aged 38 or older who desire to conceive should consult their OB/GYN to discuss strategies for improving egg quality.

◐Partially SupportedEstrogen produced during egg development exits the ovary, enters the bloodstream, and travels to the pituitary gland, where it exerts a negative feedback effect on the release of FSH and LH.

✕Not SupportedSmoking nicotine and cannabis reduces fertility in both males and females.

◐Partially SupportedTreatments for male infertility can include mechanical interventions to ensure clear passage of sperm.

◐Partially SupportedCertain lubricants are more conducive to a favorable sperm environment.

◐Partially SupportedA higher number of monthly antral follicle releases correlates with a greater potential for successful fertilization over a longer period.

✕Not SupportedMen trying to conceive should avoid placing laptops or other hot devices directly on their lap, as this can increase scrotal temperature.

◐Partially SupportedSperm generation takes approximately 60 days, plus two weeks to travel through ducts for ejaculation.

◐Partially SupportedAcupuncture can support female fertility by balancing hormones, improving blood flow, and enhancing ovarian health.

?Limited ResearchThe optimal frequency of intercourse for fertilization is unknown due to significant individual variation in sperm concentration and ejaculate volume.

◐Partially SupportedSpermatogenesis is an ongoing process throughout the lifespan from puberty onward.

◐Partially SupportedEjaculate volume ranges from 1.5 to 5 milliliters and is strongly determined by ejaculation frequency.

◐Partially SupportedImproved nutrition leading to earlier accumulation of body fat stores may contribute to earlier puberty onset in females.

◐Partially SupportedLarge upper thighs can create a hotter-than-healthy environment for the scrotum and testicles, potentially impacting fertility.

◐Partially SupportedEngaging in 30 to 60 minutes of exercise per day, six to seven days per week, is beneficial for mitochondrial health, sleep, and mood.